《On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction》是一部關(guān)于非虛構(gòu)寫(xiě)作的專(zhuān)業(yè)工具書(shū)宠漩，作者William Zinsser在書(shū)中通過(guò)自己在閱讀和寫(xiě)作中不斷積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)扒吁，寫(xiě)作中應(yīng)該遵循的原則室囊、方法、形式和心態(tài)盼铁，剖析了一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的寫(xiě)作者通過(guò)運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言創(chuàng)造出最大限度的清晰度和力度來(lái)吸引讀者一段接一段地讀下去的奧妙捉貌。
作者強(qiáng)調(diào)文字的簡(jiǎn)潔冬念，寫(xiě)出我心的個(gè)人風(fēng)格，信奉A(yù) love and respect for the language is evident on every page醒陆，方法最簡(jiǎn)單卻最實(shí)用裆针。書(shū)中還提供了各種非虛構(gòu)文學(xué)的寫(xiě)作方法，包括訪談澡刹、游記、回憶錄罢浇，甚至科學(xué)與技術(shù)嚷闭，商務(wù)寫(xiě)作，體育灾锯、評(píng)議嗅榕、幽默等，對(duì)寫(xiě)作小白來(lái)說(shuō)都提供了很有價(jià)值的啟發(fā)领突。
本文是關(guān)于《On writing well》中寫(xiě)作原則和寫(xiě)作技巧的讀書(shū)筆記案怯。
一嘲碱、 寫(xiě)作原則
1.動(dòng)手寫(xiě)。
寫(xiě)作不是一種天賦恕稠，而是任何一個(gè)人在經(jīng)過(guò)科學(xué)訓(xùn)練后都能獲得的一種能力扶欣。寫(xiě)作中最重要的是動(dòng)手開(kāi)始寫(xiě)，而不是尋找靈感骆捧。
絕大部分情況下髓绽，我們并不是因?yàn)橛辛遂`感才開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作，而是開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作后才有了靈感枫攀。這是因?yàn)閷?xiě)作本身就是深度思考的過(guò)程，腦海中原本不清晰的邏輯和概念在寫(xiě)作中會(huì)慢慢理清图焰，思路也會(huì)慢慢打開(kāi)。靜下心來(lái)楞泼，開(kāi)始動(dòng)筆笤闯，這是寫(xiě)出好文章的第一步颗味。
2.好文章是改出來(lái)的牺弹。
好文章并不是靈感突現(xiàn)的產(chǎn)物，而是在粗糙原稿上無(wú)數(shù)次修改后的結(jié)果晶默。就像William Zinsser在書(shū)中所說(shuō)磺陡，要?jiǎng)邮謱?xiě)，寫(xiě)完后大聲把你的文字讀出來(lái)币他，修改蝴悉，再繼續(xù)改拍冠，一直改到自己滿意為止。好文章是改出來(lái)的庆杜。
3.寫(xiě)出我心欣福。
熱愛(ài)語(yǔ)言焦履，尊重自己寫(xiě)的每一個(gè)字雏逾，帶著情感去創(chuàng)作栖博，這樣才能寫(xiě)出優(yōu)秀的作品仇让。
二丧叽、寫(xiě)作技巧
1. Simplicity & Clutter 簡(jiǎn)潔
簡(jiǎn)潔性是On Writing Well整本書(shū)的靈魂公你。一句話也不多，一句話也不少就是這本書(shū)描述的寫(xiě)作最高境界迂尝。
2. Style 風(fēng)格
最基本的原則就是做你自己剪芥。只有把自己融入到作品中，寫(xiě)出我心溉躲，才會(huì)有自己的風(fēng)格签财。
The point isthat you have to strip your writing down before you can build it back up. Youmust know what the essential tools are and what job they were designed to do.Extending the metaphor of carpentry, it's first necessary to be able to sawwood neatly and to drive nails. Later you can bevel the edges or add elegantfinials, if that's your taste. But you can never forget that you are practicinga craft that's based on certain principles. If the nails are weak, your housewill collapse. If your verbs are weak and your syntax is rickety, yoursentences will fall apart.
為什么必須要有自己的風(fēng)格呢？
First, learn tohammer the nails, and if what you build is sturdy and serviceable, takesatisfaction in its plain strength.
Style is organicto the person doing the writing, as much a part of him as his hair, or, if heis bald, his lack of it. Trying to add style is like adding a toupee.The problem is not that he doesn'tlook well groomed; he does, and we can only admire the wigmaker's skill. Thepoint is that he doesn't look like himself.
Therefore a fundamental rule is: be yourself.
3. The audience 為誰(shuí)而寫(xiě)
Who am I writing for?
It is a fundamental question, and it has afundamental answer: You are writing for yourself. Don't try to visualize thegreat mass audience. There is no such audience—every reader is a differentperson.Editors and readers don'tknow what they want to read until they read it. Besides, they're always lookingfor something new.
You are writingprimarily to please yourself, and if you go about it with enjoyment you willalso entertain the readers who are worth writing for. If you lose the dullardsback in the dust, you don't want them anyway.
Whatever yourage, be yourself when you write. Never say anything in writing that youwouldn't comfortably say in conversation.
4. Words 措辭
其中深為認(rèn)同的一點(diǎn)是要寫(xiě)好文章偏塞，首先學(xué)會(huì)模仿唱蒸。朗讀喜歡作家的作品，盡情地模仿他灸叼，堅(jiān)持練習(xí)下去神汹，不知不覺(jué)中脫胎換骨成了另一個(gè)自己。寫(xiě)作需要靈感古今，但更需要堅(jiān)持和練習(xí)屁魏。
Make a habit of reading what is being writtentoday and what has been written by earlier masters. Writing is learned byimitation. If anyone asked me how I learned to write, I'd say I learned byreading the men and women who were doing the kind of writing I wanted to do andtrying to figure out how they did it. But cultivate the best models.
Also get in the habit of using dictionaries.看到這里我很有馬上下單買(mǎi)一本同義詞詞典的沖動(dòng)！
Suchconsiderations of sound and rhythm should be woven through everything youwrite. If all your sentences move at the same plodding gait, which even yourecognize as deadly but don't know how to cure, read them aloud.
Remember thatwords are the only tools you've got. Learn to use them with originality andcare. And also remember: somebody out there is listening.
5. Unity 整體性
這一部分作者主要強(qiáng)調(diào)我們要從小處著眼捉腥，細(xì)節(jié)著手氓拼，用心去觀察，才能寫(xiě)出與眾不同的好文章。
Every writing project must be reduced before you start to write.
Therefore?think small.Decide what corner of your subject you're going to bite off, and be content to cover it well and stop. Often you'll find that along the way you've managed to say almost everything you wanted to say about the entire subject.
Enthusiasm is the force that keeps?you going and keeps the reader in your grip.When your zest begins to ebb, the reader is the first person to know it.
As for what point you want to make, every successful piece of nonfiction should leave the reader with one provocative thought that he or she didn't have before. Not two thoughts, or five—just one. So decide what single point you want to leave in the reader s mind. It will not only give you a better idea of what route you should follow and what destination you hope to reach; it will affect your decision about tone and attitude. Some points are best made by earnestness,some by dry understatement, some by humor.
文章的結(jié)構(gòu)也很重要，一個(gè)好的開(kāi)頭适滓，內(nèi)容豐富的主體和牛光閃閃的結(jié)尾是一篇好的文章的核心三要素。
The most important sentence in any article is the first one. If it doesn't induce the reader to proceed to the second sentence, your article is dead. And if the second sentence doesn't induce him to continue to the third sentence, it's equally dead.
The positivereason for ending well is that a good last sentence—or last paragraph—is a joyin itself. It gives the reader a lift, and it lingers when the article is over.The perfect ending should take your readers slightly by surprise and yet seemexactly right.
這本書(shū)的中文譯名叫《寫(xiě)作寶典》嗅绸，你get到了嗎朽砰？
