一 words and expressions
1. As with the disparity between Renee and Steve, the key difference between Steve's performance and that of the new generation of memory whizzes lies in the details of their training.
disparity: a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one〔兩個或兩個以上事物之間的〕不同，不平等，差異
whizz: someone who is very fast, intelligent, or skilled in a particular activity快手其爵，高手驻啤，能人
例句：a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women
造句：There is great disparity between the amount of work that I do and what I get paid for it.
2.This joint development of skills and training techniques has—up to now at least—always been carried out through trial and error, with a field’s practitioners experimenting with various ways to improve, keeping what works and discarding what doesn’t.
joint: involving two or more people or groups, or owned or shared by them聯(lián)合的壕翩，共同的替劈，共有的
造句：Many new structures are built with a new type of steel joint.
trial and error:a way of achieving an aim or solving a problem by trying a number of different methods and learning from the mistakes that you make反覆試驗，試錯法
例句：There's no instant way of finding a cure - it's just aprocess oftrial and error.
3. ...without writing them down and stage actors who had to learn many lines every time they began a new play.
line: words that someone has to learn and say as part of a play or performance臺詞
造句：It always took me ages to learn my lines.
二 thoughts ＆ summary
今天莱坎，我們開始了第四章的內(nèi)容蛛蒙，題目是：黃金標準
第四章終于進入了我們整本書的主題：刻意練習 deliberate practice
為了解釋清楚糙箍，作者舉了一個實驗的例子
在對柏林藝術(shù)大學小提琴學生的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最杰出的人牵祟，練習的時間越長深夯。在 18 歲之前，從事音樂教育的學生花在小提琴上訓練時間平均為 3420 小時 诺苹，而優(yōu)異的小提琴學生平均訓練了 5301 小時咕晋，最杰出的小提琴學生則平均練習了 7401 小時。
一系列研究表明收奔，最杰出的人是那些在各種有目的的練習中花了最多時間的人 掌呜，如果不花費無數(shù)小時的時間進行刻苦練習，沒有人能夠培養(yǎng)杰出的能力坪哄。
怎樣進行deliberate practice质蕉？
刻意練習不只是有目的的練習
它需要一個已經(jīng)得到合理發(fā)展的行業(yè)势篡，如體育項目。也需要一位足夠優(yōu)秀的導師模暗。
刻意練習的特點
①刻意練習的技能是其它人已經(jīng)想出怎樣提高的技能
這點是我們在進行刻意練習之前必須搞清楚的禁悠。比如說我的英語聽力不行，我想要通過刻意練習來挺高聽力兑宇。而提高英語聽力的技能大腳都有比較公認的途徑碍侦，比如精聽和泛聽。
②它發(fā)生在舒適區(qū)之外隶糕，目標明確祝钢，有意而為，包含反饋若厚。
比如說在刻意練習英語聽力中的精聽時，我能夠聽懂的材料百分之90以上蜒什，這時應(yīng)該提高材料的難度测秸。反饋可以通過一些考試或練習題來實現(xiàn)。
③既產(chǎn)生有效的心理表征灾常，又依靠有效的心理表征
經(jīng)過我對英語聽力的堅持的可以訓練霎冯，我肯定會建立起一定的方法技巧以及對聽力材料的與預(yù)判，建立起我的“知識結(jié)構(gòu)”钞瀑，這就是我們所說的心理表征沈撞。而我聽力的進一步提高也要借助已經(jīng)建立的心理表征。
