這本書原本是教美國的大學(xué)生如何寫作的瓤球。但其實教了很多 critical thinking 的東西休涤，寫得很贊，就是略啰嗦诫舅。
如果你平時思考或表達(dá)意見有這樣的問題：
- 只有感受：電影怎么樣羽利？很棒啊
- 寬泛的觀點：劇情不錯
- 個人化的觀點：我很喜歡啊
- 發(fā)表每個人都能想到的觀點
- 等等
那你應(yīng)該看看這本書。
首先刊懈，我們要有一個好的心態(tài)：
很多時候这弧，對于生活中很多問題，我們不去探究清楚而急于下結(jié)論虚汛，是因為我們害怕被認(rèn)為是無知的匾浪。我們要調(diào)整心態(tài)，享受不確定性：
- capable of being in uncertainties
- remain calm (rather than becoming irritable) in a state of uncertainty.
接著卷哩，再講講方法論：
洞察力：如何獲取信息
信息可以是一幅畫蛋辈、一本書、一次演講将谊、一次對話等等冷溶。
適用場景
- 除了感受，信息是什么尊浓？
- 除了內(nèi)容逞频，未表達(dá)的信息是什么？
方法
The Method
找重復(fù)栋齿、找對比苗胀、找反例（Competition/Contrast /）
- 重復(fù)：同樣的信息襟诸，歸為一類，不斷給其命名以獲得見解
- 對比：可以關(guān)注二元對立基协，不僅看內(nèi)容的對立歌亲，還需關(guān)注 implied meanings
這個方法表明：信息可能隱藏在信息被安排的結(jié)構(gòu)中（信息的關(guān)系，信息的排列）
Notice And Focus (Ranking)
- What do you notice?
這個問題可以去關(guān)注信息本身堡掏，減輕急于下結(jié)論的壓力 - Which three details (specific features of the subject matter) are most interesting (or significant or revealing or strange)?
- Why the three things you selected struck you as the most interesting应结？
10 ON 1
make ten observations or points about a single representative issue or example
Seems to Be about X, but Could Also Be (IsReally) aboutY
如何評價觀點/信息
詞匯<=概念<信息塊<假設(shè)<=推理
概念
理解概念的方法：Paraphrase *3
對某個吃不透的詞/概念刨疼，尤其是抽象的泉唁，換3個同義詞
假設(shè)和推理
找出隱含假設(shè)
Tax laws benefit the wealthy.
- 用其他語言陳述這個論斷。
The rules for paying income tax give rich people monetary advantages.
The rules for paying income tax help the rich get richer. - key terms
看作者是如何定義的 - 用相反的角度去看（反邏輯）
Tax laws benefit the poor
Tax laws do not benefit the wealthy.
如何對待 Argument
二元對立問題 （Binaries）
非黑即白揩慕、同意/不同意的問題
幾個危險的點
- 有些事情不能被精確地分為2個方面亭畜，可能有其他分支
- 二元的其中一元可能有價值傾向（如文明和原始）
- 可能二元都有一定道理/都沒道理
如何思考？
例子：Does the model of management known as Total Quality Management (TQM) that is widely used in Japan work in the American automotive industry?
- 找出所有對立的類別
除了 work/not work 的對立迎卤，還有美國/日本拴鸵、 TQM/傳統(tǒng)美國管理方法的對立。 - 定義 key terms
What, for example, does it mean to ask whether TQM works in the American automotive industry?
Does work mean "make a substantial profit"?
Does work mean"produce more cars more quickly"?
Does work mean "improving employee morale"? - 質(zhì)疑二元的精確性（是不是能做成對立面蜗搔？）
You might consider, for example, the extent to which American management styles actually differ from the Japanese version of TQM - 提問To What Extent?" 劲藐，替代 "Either/Or"
Was the Civil War fought over slavery or economics?
可以思考：
To what extent did economics, rather than slavery, cause the Civil War?
以上的二階思維
Why did I choose this word?
What ideas are implicit in the language I have used?
Where does it make claims?
What kind of evidence does it provide?
Does the writer overtly reveal his or her premises?
How and when does he or she use metaphors or analogies?
如何形成/表達(dá)有見解的觀點
如何避免寬泛的論述，表達(dá)有信息量的觀點樟凄。
例子： The economic situation is bad
- 把“is/are”這樣的詞替換為活躍的動詞 ( active verb )
Is/are 表示前后關(guān)系/權(quán)重一致聘芜，用其他的動詞去給你的信息區(qū)分權(quán)重，去闡述概念間的關(guān)系 - 不要用寬泛的名詞
修改為：
(The) tax policies (of the current administration) threaten to reduce (the tax burden on the middle class) by sacrificing education and health care programs for everyone
如何避免 first response,人人都能想到的無新意的論點
- Seems to Be about X, but Could Also Be (IsReally) aboutY
可以默念這個公式 - 不斷ask why
二階思維問題
Judgement Reflex
當(dāng)我們遇到一些論斷缝龄，尤其是指示性論斷的時候汰现，例如應(yīng)該/不應(yīng)該做x，應(yīng)禁止/恢復(fù)x叔壤，會缺乏思考瞎饲，只考慮做或不做x, 判斷x 是對是錯，而不去先考慮 x 是什么炼绘，為什么會有x嗅战，如何做x（what why how)
我的理解，出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因
- 指示性的東西代表了某種方向俺亮，大腦判斷是更清晰的驮捍。而“弄清楚x是什么”對大腦來說是更模糊的。所以大腦偏愛去處理指示性的問題铅辞。
- 屈從于別人判斷的慫人傾向
如何解決
- 重復(fù)別人的意見厌漂，直到你可以用自己的話復(fù)數(shù)
- 檢測自己或他人語言里指示性的詞匯（如應(yīng)該）和評價性的形容詞。（如優(yōu)秀的等等）
Intention
當(dāng)我們對某個作品或某個信息塊解讀時斟珊，不能把意圖（作者的或產(chǎn)品本身的）當(dāng)作高于其他解釋的信息苇倡，應(yīng)該把意圖理解為需要被解釋的信息富纸。（ the intention, whatever its source, does not outrank or exclude other interpretations. It is simply another context for understanding.）
Cliche
By using rock music to sell a wide range of products, the advertising agencies, in league with corporate giants such as Pepsi, Michelob, and Ford, have corrupted the spirit of rock and roll.
- 時間維度考慮
that rock and roll was highly commercial long before it colonized the airwaves. - 如果cliche表達(dá)的是A對B的作用，考慮B對A的作用
that rock has actually improved advertising, not that ads have ruined rock—or, alternatively, that rock has shrewdly marketed idealism to gullible consumers.
其他
一些有用的練習(xí)
1 觀察力練習(xí)：對任何東西表達(dá)一個印象 impression 然后說出至少3個理由旨椒。
2 防止作出陳詞濫調(diào)的第一反應(yīng)：
Seems to Be about X, but Could Also Be (IsReally) aboutY
Keep asking why
金句：
Emily Dickinson
A word is dead/When it is said,/Some say./I say it just/Begins to live/That day.
