Day 5 Vocabulary

Before them people believed Aristotle, who said that the nature of a body was to be at rest and that it moved only if drive by a force or impulse.

• impulse
  1.N
  An impulse is a sudden desire to do sth.
  E.g. Unable to resist the impulse, he glanced at the sea again
  2.N
  An impulse is a short electrical signal that is sent along a wire or nerve pr through the ai,usually as one of a series.

but Galileo did do something equivalent :he rolled balls of different weights down a smooth slope.

• equivalent
  1.N.
  If one amount or value is the equivalent of another,they are the same.
  E.g: the equivalent of two tablespoons of polyunsaturated oils is ample each day.
  2.ADJ
  A unit is equivalent to a glass of wine or a single measure of spirits.

Galileo 's measurements were used by Newton as the basis of his laws of motions.

• motion
  N-count
  Motion is the activity or process of continually changing position or moving from one place to another.
  E.g. The laws governing light,sound,and motion.

The ide a was first stated explicitly in newton 's Principia Mathematica.

• explicit adj.
  Something that's explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything .
  E.g. ...sexually explicit scenes in films and books.
  ...explicit references to age in recruitment advertising.
• Explicitly
  E.g. The play was the first commercially successful work dealing explicitly with homosexuality.
  Newton's first law: In an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.

Newton's sceond law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = ma.

Newton's third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.

This states that the body will accelerate,or change its speed, at a rate that is proportional to the force .

• accelerate verb
  If the process or rate of something accelerates or if something accelerates it, it gets faster and faster.
  E.g. Growth will accelerate to 2.9per cent next year.

In addition to his laws o f motion,Newton discovered a law to describe the force of gravity.

• gravity n-uncount

Gravity is the force which causes things to drop to the ground.
E.g. Arrows would continue to fly forward in a straight line were it not for gravity,which brings them down to earth.
*centre of gravity 重心 *

if the law were that the gravitational attraction of a star went down faster or increased more rapidly with distance,the orbits of the planets would not be elliptical,they would either spiral in to the sun or escape from the sun.

• elliptical adj
  Something that is elliptical has the shape of an ellipse 橢圓的韧骗，像橢圓的
  E.g. The moon's elliptical orbit.

The big difference between the ideas of Aristotle and those of Galileo and Newton is that Aristotle believed in a preferred state of rest, which any body would take up if I were not driven by some force or impulse.

?? 在這個句子中 preferred state of rest意為"傾向于靜止" ，prefer意為"傾向"北戏，take up 意為"采取"

• take up
  1)pursue or resume
  E.g. Take up a matter for consideration
  2)adopt
  E.g. Take up new ideas
  3)turn one's interest to
  E.g. He took up herprtology at the age of fifty.
  4)begin work or acting in a certain capacity ,office or job
  E.g. Take up a position.
  5)occupy or take on
  E.g. She took up her position behind the tree.
  6)take up a liquid or a gas by adsorption or by absorption.
  7)take up as if with sponge

He was severely criticized for this irrationalbelief by many people,most notably by Biahop Berkeley, a philosopher who believed that all material objects and space and time are an illusion.

• Irrational Adj.
  If u describe someone;s feelings and behavior as irrational, you mean they are not based on logical reasons or clear thinking.
  E.g. ...an irrational fear of science.

• ration
  1)N-count
  When there is not enough of something, your ration of it is the amount that you are followed to have.
  E.g. The meat ration was down to one pound per person per week.
  2)Verb
  When something is rationed by a person or government, you are only allowed to have a limited amount of it, usually because there is not enough of it.
  E.g. Staples such as bread, rice and tea are already being rationed.

• notably
  1)Adv.
  You use notably to specify an important or typical example of something that you are talking about.
  E.g. The divorce would be granted when more important problems,notably be fate of the children,had been decided.
  2)Adv.
  You can use notably to emphasize a particular quality that someone or something has.
  E.g. Old established friends are notably absent, so it's a good opportunity to make new contacts .

• stub one's toe
  If you stub your toe, you hurt it by accidentally kicking something.
  E.g. I stubbed my toe against a table leg.

• stub out
  When someone stubs out a cigarette, they put it out by pressing it against something hard.
  E.g. Signs across the entrances warn all visitors to stub out their cigarettes.

...to explain the result of the Michelso-morleyexperiment in terms of objects contracting and clock slowing down when they moved through the ether.

• in terms of
  Adv. regarding or indicated by 根據(jù)，按照
  E.g. Facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationship instead of evolving haphazardly.

• contract
  1)verb
  When something contracts or when something contracts it, it becomes smaller or shorter.
  E.g. Blood is only expelled from the heart when it contracts.
  New research shows that an excess of meat and salt can contract muscles.
  2)verb
  If you contract a marriage,alliance ,or other relationship with someone, you arrange to have that relationship with them.
  E.g. She contracted a formal marriage to a British ex-serviceman.
  3)phrase

• Under contract to
  If you are under contract to someone, you have signed a contract agreeing to work for them, and for no one. Else,during a fixed period of time.
  E.g. The director wanted Olivia de Havilland, then under contract to Warner Brothers.
  4)phrase

• Contract out
  If a company contracts out work,they employ other companies to do it.
  E.g. Firms can contrat out work to one another.

• ether N-uncount 醚
  Ether is a colorless liquid that burns easily. It is used in industry and in medicine as an anesthetic.
  the ether 蒼穹仔役，太空夏哭，蒼天

For this reason, any normal object is forever confined relativity to move at speeds slower hand the speed of light. Only light,or other waves that have no intrinsicmass, can move at the speedo flight.

• confined

1. Adj.
   if something is confined to a particular place,it exists only in that place. If it is confined to a particular group, only members of that group have it .
   E.g. The problems is not confined to Germany.
2. Adj.(usu adj n)
   A confined space or area is small and enclosed by walls.
   E.g. His long legs bent up in the confined space.
3. Adj.
   If someone is confined to a wheelchair,bed, or house,they have to stay ther, because they are disabled or ill.
   E.g. He had been confined to a wheelchair since childhood.

• intrinsic
  ADJ (adj n).
  If someone has intrinsic value or intrinsic interest, it is valuable or ineresting because of its basic nature connection with other things.
  E.g. The paintings have no intrinsic value except as curiosities.

Any observer can work out precisely what time and position any other observer will assign to an event, provided he knows the other observer's relative velocity.

• assign

1. verb
   If you assign something to someon, you say that it is for their use.
   E.g. He assigned her all his land in Ireland .
   2)verb (usu passive)
   If someone is assigned to a particular place, group, per person, they are sent there,usually in order to work at that place or for that person.
   E.g. I was assigned to Troop A of the 10th Cavalry.
   3)verb
   If you assign a particular function or value to someone or something, you say they have it.
   E.g. Under Mr. Harel's system, each business must assign a value to each job.

• velocity N-var
  Velocity is the speed at which something moves in a particular direction.
  E.g. ...the well cities at which the stars orbit.

• cesium clock
  [電子學(xué)]銫原子鐘满哪，銫鐘(利用元素銫的原子振動頻率量度時間的原子鐘)

The therory of relativity does, however, force us to change fundamentally our ideas of space and time. We must accept that time is not completely separate from and independent of space.

• **fundamentally **

1. ADV.
   You use fundamentally for emphasis when you are stating an opinion, or when you are making an important or general statement about something.
   E.g. Fundamentally, women like him for his sensitivity and charming vulnerability.

2)ADV. 根本地，從根本上
You use fundamentally to indicate that something affects or relates to the deep, basic nature of something.
E.g. He disagreed fundamentally with the president's judgement.

• **Independent of ** 獨立于 撞芍， 不依賴

Day6 Mindmap

圖片發(fā)自簡書App

圖片發(fā)自簡書App

Day7 Thinking
這次在做思維導(dǎo)圖的時候秧了，其實我是有一些糾結(jié)的因為不知道該用什么樣的順序來理清。通讀完全文之后發(fā)現(xiàn)序无，每一個新的理論都是依據(jù)前人的理論成果而來的验毡，所以在理此類文章的時候，就可以按照時間順序或者按照各個實驗的順序來完成這個導(dǎo)圖帝嗡。和安妮層層遞進的mindmap相比晶通，我的導(dǎo)圖邏輯不是很清晰，也缺失了一部分哟玷，例如狮辽，law of propagation of light，還有g(shù)eneral theory of relativity的下層也沒有完全理出來巢寡。之后再做此類的思維導(dǎo)圖喉脖，要學(xué)習借鑒安妮的做法。
剛開始接觸這篇文章的時候抑月，我覺得還是挺有趣的尤其是在第一頁的與力學(xué)有關(guān)的內(nèi)容树叽，之后引入abandon the idea of absolute time和observers的概念之后，我就開始糊涂厭學(xué)情緒一下子就上來了谦絮，然后突然想起鯨魚班長說的题诵，學(xué)會自己體會可以走多遠。經(jīng)過了這痛苦的三天层皱，我多多少少也了解了一些以前不知道的知識性锭。
1）加俐略的比薩斜塔實驗和牛頓與蘋果的故事 竟然都是杜撰的。叫胖。草冈。呃 真的是漲知識了
2）光速是有限的，光以固定的速度運行。其他物體只能以低于光速或等同于光速的速度運行怎棱。光線運行規(guī)律：the law of propagation of light
3）在這之后的內(nèi)容我還需要繼續(xù)去啃和理解方淤。。蹄殃。
Anyway, there still is a long way. I still need to challenge my patience and learn to accept new ideas in a.short time. I think everyone needs an inspiration. And the excellent people in the Wechat group are my inspiration.