Part One ? ? ? Words, Phrases and Sentences
come to the fore ? ? ?涌現(xiàn)渣慕;嶄露頭角
e.g.? In this particular sort of challenge—piecing together a number of clues—the mental representations
of expert doctors come to the fore.
red herring? ? 轉移注意力的話題逊桦;與事實不相干的論點
e.g.? A doctor diagnosing a patient with a complex set of symptoms?must take in a great deal of information without knowing ahead of time which is most relevant and?which might be red herrings.
apples-to-apples comparision ? ? 同類比較
e.g.? The average age of the dancers was?twenty-six, but the youngest was eighteen, so to have an apples-to-apples comparison, we looked at?the accumulated amount of practice through age seventeen and the skill level at age eighteen.
boil down to? ? 簡化為,歸結為
e.g.? In practice this often boils down to?purposeful practice with a few extra steps: first, identify the expert performers, then figure out what?they do that makes them so good, then come up with training techniques that allow you to do it, too.
Part Two ? ? ?Summary
? ? ? The Chapter Three primarily uncovers the importance and characteristics of mental representations by citing the example of chess winning. Next, the author conceptualises " mental representation" and lists several usages of it such as in planning, writing, and learning.
? ? ? The next chapter focuses on the " golden standards" of deliberate practice, which can be summarized as follows:
? ? ? Deliberate practice should develop with a clear goal and effective feedbacks from a good instructor. It depends on one's full attention, action, as well as effective mental representation. The practicers are supposed to get out of their comfort zone properly as well as trying again and again purposefully.
Part Three ? ? What I Have Learned
? ? ? ? 在閱讀第三章和第四章的過程中,我能夠聯(lián)想到一系列我自己在學習過程中的經(jīng)歷码秉。在運動員Paavo Nurmi的例子中,作者提到须鼎,這位創(chuàng)下多項世界紀錄的冠軍在當時有著獨樹一幟的訓練方法汞窗,掐表仲吏、間隔訓練、長期訓練许帐,這些方法在我們今天看來也許習以為常距芬,但是不可否認的是,這些方法是行之有效的离斩,不僅僅在田徑場上捐腿,在學習中也是這樣——大部分有過考前“魔鬼訓練”經(jīng)驗的人都知道茄袖,很多人都會在練習的時候掐表,把時間掌控在比規(guī)定時間更短的范圍內(nèi)蝗羊,經(jīng)過一段時間的練習后,做題速度就能有可觀的提升野芒。包括在學習外語的過程中,很多人也會嘗試著刻意的練習,想要有一口地道的美音或英音(clear goal),然后制定一系列的打卡計劃(accurate plan),特意報了語音班或者是去外語角(good coaches /instructors),每天逼自己早起朗讀背誦(get out of the comfort zone)……其實我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)“刻意練習”就像一個萬能的方法論荸恕,可以應用到生活中的很多方面。
? ? ? ? 除此之外施掏,還有一個點讓我印象深刻,就是在第四章最后一節(jié)蔑赘,作者提出了他對“一萬小時定律”的一些看法缩赛。說實話這個定律在近一個月內(nèi)以相當高的頻率出現(xiàn)在我的朋友圈酥馍,仿佛大家對這個定律都深信不疑旨袒,但是作者提出了諸如“一萬小時”不夠準確、Outlier的作者舉的一些例子不夠有說服力的理由,并用他自己的實驗來論證他的觀點卓练。撇開作者的一些反對觀點不提嘱么,我關注了一下作者舉例論證的內(nèi)容,確實是非常的簡潔有力映胁。我試著highlight作者的觀點,然后清楚地看到,這些觀點湊起來差不多就是我們平時寫文章的樣子了,可是為什么看自己的文章總是覺得“干巴巴”的沒有說服力呢?關鍵就在于作者的論證寂恬,他用了一系列不同領域的例子來進行說明,其中很多還是他自己的實驗過程朴译,這使得說明的可信度相當之高焦蘑。最妙的是,Steve Faloon 的例子從第一章就開始闡述了,在第四章中我們?nèi)匀荒軙r不時地看到這個例子被引用來說明問題雀彼,可見作者在整本書的構思過程中,在選取材料上下的功夫可謂慎之又慎莺丑。
? ? ? ? 在我自己接下來的一些寫作練習中萧豆,我也想要嘗試一下作者在構建框架和論證說明的方法葡粒。最重要的一點是,我希望自己能夠在接下來的閱讀過程中提出一些深刻的、有針對性的問題,而不是一味地認為作者所言都是對的。