在搞定語法框架和動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)后悦穿,我們需要繼續(xù)攻克的難題就是從句。
正如前文所說业踢,從句包括三大類:名詞性從句栗柒、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。具體從語法學名上看知举,名從包括主語從句瞬沦、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句雇锡。而形容詞性從句是定語從句逛钻,副詞性從句為狀語從句。
1. 從句基石
既然同為從句锰提,自然存在共性曙痘。把握共性,區(qū)別不同立肘,是快速掌握的要訣边坤。簡述三點。
第一谅年,本質茧痒。從句的本質是為了讓表意更為豐富復雜,因此需要用到多個動詞融蹂,而這多個動詞旺订,必須要用銜接詞來連接弄企,也就是語法中的“引導詞”或“關系詞”。
比如That Yao Ming is tall is known to us all. 這句話中存在兩個is区拳,所以必須有銜接詞拘领,其實就是that。如果我們拆分成單句樱调,就要說Yao Ming is tall. This is known to us all. 這樣兩個句子院究,用詞更為冗余,結構過于簡單本涕,因此才用從句,彰顯水平伙窃,簡潔語言菩颖。
第二,引導詞为障。承接第一點晦闰,引導詞存在的目的就是連接兩個或兩個以上的動詞。為何鳍怨?因為英語中呻右,兩個動詞以及兩個動詞以上要并存一句話,如果沒有連詞鞋喇、關系詞(引導詞)或非謂語声滥,是無法共存的。
也就是說侦香,前面的句子如果變成Yao Ming is tall is known to us all.的話落塑,就是一個錯誤的句子,兩個is沒有銜接詞語罐韩,一山(一句話)出現兩虎(兩個動詞)憾赁。
所以,學習從句散吵,最關鍵的就是把握引導詞關系詞的使用龙考。這些詞語不外乎以下三類:
從屬連詞:不指代,表承接矾睦,比如that晦款,whether/if。
連接代詞:指代主語賓語表語顷锰,比如who whoever whom whose what whatever which whichever柬赐。
連接副詞:指代狀語,比如when where how why官紫。
了解這些單詞詞義和用法肛宋,基本可以搞定名詞性從句了州藕。
第三,主句從句成分完整酝陈。我們練習或輸出的最終目標是床玻,你講出來或寫出來的句子必須是正確無誤的,換言之沉帮,必須是主謂賓定狀補完整的锈死。這里的規(guī)則就是,先確保主謂賓(有時是主系表)完整穆壕,再考慮補充定狀補待牵。從句中,一般而言關系詞或引導詞都要充當一定的語法功能或句子成分喇勋,你要確定缺的是什么成分或功能缨该,然后對應補充,才能實現從句的正確使用川背。
舉例:I am a boy ____ likes English.
基本思路:找動詞——定成分——選答案贰拿。
那么可以發(fā)現,am和likes是動詞熄云,am對應的主語是I膨更,表語(接下系動詞后的成分)是a boy,主干成分完整缴允,OK了荚守。likes的主語不知道是誰,賓語是English练般,所以要補充likes的主語健蕊。實際上,主語應該是boy踢俄,只不過我們要用who來替換缩功,避免重復。
這就是標準的句子成分分析步驟都办。而這個例句嫡锌,就是一個標準的定語從句。翻譯為中文是“我是一個喜歡英語的男孩琳钉∈颇荆”
2. 名詞性從句的架構
從根本上講,名詞性從句是一整個句子充當一個名詞的作用歌懒,因此有剛才我們說的四種:主語從句啦桌、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
大家要記住這樣一個要點:語法上叫什么從句甫男,則這個從句整體充當那種成分且改。
比如剛才的例句That Yao Ming is tall is known to us all. 很明顯That Yao Ming is tall是從句,因為它有引導詞或關系詞that板驳,而這樣一整個從句相當于后面那個is的主語又跛,所以這個從句就是主語從句。也就是說若治,“姚明很高這樣一個事實慨蓝,是為我們所知的”。
3. 主語從句
3.1 主語從句端幼,即在復合句中充當主語成分的句子礼烈。
That Gu Hongmin mastered 9 languages and gained 13 doctoral degrees surprised us.
3.2 引導詞:引導主語從句的連詞主要有,不能省略:
從屬連詞:that whether if
連接代詞:who whoever whom whose what whatever which whichever
連接副詞:when where how why
3.3 例句(斜體部分為從句)
(1)That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
(2)Whetherwe will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
(3)Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
3.4 特例
為了防止句子頭重腳輕婆跑,通常把形式主語it放在句首济丘,真正主語擱置于句末
(1)It is certain that he will win the match.
(2)It is still a mystery what caused the accident.
(3)It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)
4. 賓語從句
4.1 定義
置于動詞、介詞等詞性后面起賓語作用的從句叫賓語從句洽蛀。賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序。謂語動詞疟赊、介詞郊供、動詞不定式,v.-ing形式后面都能帶賓語從句近哟。有些形容詞(afraid, sure等)之后也可以帶賓語從句驮审。
4.2 引導詞
在復合句中作主句的賓語,引導詞有:
連詞:that (that可省略),whether,if
代詞:who, whose,what,which
副詞:when ,where, how, why
4.3 例句(斜體部分為從句)
1. The boy believes that he will travelthrough space to other planets.
2. I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
3. I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
4. Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
5. None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
5. 表語從句
5.1. 表語定義
be動詞或系動詞(be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell)+表語
The task is to remember as much knowledge as possible.
The sky seems cloudy and foggy.
系動詞分類:
1. 五大感官動詞look, sound, feel, taste, smell;
2. 狀態(tài)系動詞be, seem, appear, keep, remain, stay, prove;
3. 動態(tài)系動詞get, fall, grow, turn, go, become, come, run, make;
4. 雙謂語系動詞rise, lie, die, etc.
Lei Feng died young.
The sun rose red.
5.2. 表從定義:用一個句子作為表語吉执。(斜體部分為從句)
My suggestion is that you should do intensive study in grammar.
5.3. 表語從句連接詞(斜體部分為從句)
5.3.1 從屬連詞:
that不作成分疯淫;whether, as, as if, as though。
The reason is that the cost isn’t high.
The question is whether you can do it on your own.
5.3.2 關系代詞what, who, whom, whose, which, whoever, whichever, whatever
His worry is whatever has been stolen.
5.3.3 關系副詞when, where, how, why,
This is where they once lived.
6. 同位語從句
6.1 定義:同位語從句描述的信息或內容等于先行詞提到的信息或內容戳玫。
The fact that Daliang-Ronggui will be one of the administrative centers of Foshan is known to many citizens.
fact就是Daliang-Ronggui will be one of the administrative centers of Foshan.
6.2 引導詞(斜體部分為從句)
that, whether, who, whom, whose, which, what; how, when, where, why.
that/whether:
We are astonished by the news that the housing price has grown by 100% in 2016.
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
關系代詞:
I have no idea what he is doing now.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
關系副詞:
The question where the new commercial building should be built is still under discussion.
The report why the teacher was disqualified from the post is shocking.
6.3 常用先行詞
advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word
希望以上長文能更加清晰地清楚大家對于名詞性從句的疑問熙掺,讓大家高效快速掌握。