OVERSOCIALIZATION
過度社會化

Psychologists use the term "socialization" to designate the process by which children are trained to think and act as society demands. A person is said to be well socialized if he believes in and obeys the moral code of his society and fits in well as a functioning part of that society. It may seem senseless to say that many leftists are over-socialized, since the leftist is perceived as a rebel. Nevertheless, the position can be defended. Many leftists are not such rebels as they seem.

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心理學(xué)家使用“社會化”這個術(shù)語表示訓(xùn)練兒童使之按照社會的要求去思考和行動的過程蛇数。一個得到良好社會化的人相信并服從他所屬社會的道德準(zhǔn)則，并且很適應(yīng)作為社會正常運作一部分的身份。說許多左派主義者過度社會化可能看起來毫無意義仇味，因為左派主義者一般被視為反叛者幌绍。然而這一主張可以得到辯護尽超。許多左派都不像看上去那樣反叛瞳氓。

The moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, feel and act in a completely moral way. For example, we are not supposed to hate anyone, yet almost everyone hates somebody at some time or other, whether he admits it to himself or not. Some people are so highly socialized that the attempt to think, feel and act morally imposes a severe burden on them. In order to avoid feelings of guilt, they continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have a non-moral origin. We use the term "oversocialized" to describe such people. [2]

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我們社會的道德準(zhǔn)則如此嚴(yán)苛限嫌，以至于沒有人能以完全道德的方式進行思考送粱、感受與行動褪贵。例如，我們不應(yīng)該去恨任何人，但幾乎每個人都曾經(jīng)一度痛恨過其他什么人脆丁，不論他是否向自己承認(rèn)世舰。有些人的社會化程度如此之高，以至于完全道德地思考槽卫、感受與行動的企圖為他們帶來了嚴(yán)重的負(fù)擔(dān)跟压。為了避免罪惡感，他們不斷地就自己的動機欺騙自己歼培，為那些在現(xiàn)實當(dāng)中有著非道德起源的感受和行動尋找道德解釋震蒋。我們使用“過度社會化”這一術(shù)語來形容這樣的人。[2]

[2]. (Paragraph 25) During the Victorian period many oversocialized people suffered from serious psychological problems as a result of repressing or trying to repress their sexual feelings. Freud apparently based his theories on people of this type. Today the focus of socialization has shifted from sex to aggression.
[2]（第25段）在維多利亞時期許多過度社會化的人們都因為試圖壓抑性欲而遭受了嚴(yán)重的心理問題躲庄。顯然弗洛伊德以這些人為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建了自己的理論查剖。今天社會化的重點已經(jīng)從性欲轉(zhuǎn)向了攻擊性。

Oversocialization can lead to low self-esteem, a sense of powerlessness, defeatism, guilt, etc. One of the most important means by which our society socializes children is by making them feel ashamed of behavior or speech that is contrary to society's expectations. If this is overdone, or if a particular child is especially susceptible to such feelings, he ends by feeling ashamed of HIMSELF. Moreover the thought and the behavior of the oversocialized person are more restricted by society's expectations than are those of the lightly socialized person. The majority of people engage in a significant amount of naughty behavior. They lie, they commit petty thefts, they break traffic laws, they goof off at work, they hate someone, they say spiteful things or they use some underhanded trick to get ahead of the other guy. The oversocialized person cannot do these things, or if he does do them he generates in himself a sense of shame and self-hatred. The oversocialized person cannot even experience, without guilt, thoughts or feelings that are contrary to the accepted morality; he cannot think "unclean" thoughts. And socialization is not just a matter of morality; we are socialized to confirm to many norms of behavior that do not fall under the heading of morality. Thus the oversocialized person is kept on a psychological leash and spends his life running on rails that society has laid down for him. In many oversocialized people this results in a sense of constraint and powerlessness that can be a severe hardship. We suggest that oversocialization is among the more serious cruelties that human beings inflict on one another.

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過度社會化可導(dǎo)致低自尊噪窘、無力感笋庄、失敗主義以及內(nèi)疚等，我們對兒童進行社會化的最重要手段之一是使他們對于與社會期望相反行為或言語感到羞愧倔监。如果做過了頭直砂，或者如果某個孩子特別容易受到這種感情的影響，他就會為自己感到羞愧浩习。此外過度社會化的人與輕度社會化的人相比更容易在思想與行為上受到社會期待的限制哆键。大多數(shù)人都會做出不道德的行為。他們?nèi)鲋e瘦锹，他們小偷小摸籍嘹，他們違反交通法規(guī)，他們在工作中偷懶弯院，他們討厭別人辱士，他們說別人的壞話或者使用卑劣的花招來出人頭地。過度社會化的人不能做這些事情听绳，如果他做了就會為自己感到羞恥颂碘，還會自我仇恨。他不能想“不干凈”的念頭椅挣。而且社會化不只是一個道德問題头岔，我們遭到社會化之后遵守的許多規(guī)范或表現(xiàn)都不屬于道德的認(rèn)定范圍。因此鼠证，過度社會化的人在心理上被狗鏈拴著峡竣，一輩子都在社會鋪設(shè)的軌道上運行。對于許多過度社會化的人來說這都會導(dǎo)致約束感和無力感量九，令其十分難熬适掰。我們認(rèn)為過度社會化是人類對彼此造成最嚴(yán)重的暴行颂碧。

We argue that a very important and influential segment of the modern left is oversocialized and that their oversocialization is of great importance in determining the direction of modern leftism. Leftists of the oversocialized type tend to be intellectuals or members of the upper-middle class. Notice that university intellectuals [3] constitute the most highly socialized segment of our society and also the most left-wing segment.

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我們認(rèn)為，當(dāng)代左派當(dāng)中一個非常重要且有影響力的派系就是過度社會化份子类浪，他們的過度社會化對于確定現(xiàn)代左派主義的前進方向十分重要载城。過度社會化類型的左派主義者往往是知識分子和上層中產(chǎn)階層的成員。請注意费就，大學(xué)知識分子 [3] 構(gòu)成了我們的社會中社會化程度最高的部分诉瓦，也是最左派的部分。

[3]. (Paragraph 27) Not necessarily including specialists in engineering "hard" sciences.
[3]（第27段）未必一定包括研究“硬”科學(xué)的專家力细。

The leftist of the oversocialized type tries to get off his psychological leash and assert his autonomy by rebelling. But usually he is not strong enough to rebel against the most basic values of society. Generally speaking, the goals of today's leftists are NOT in conflict with the accepted morality. On the contrary, the left takes an accepted moral principle, adopts it as its own, and then accuses mainstream society of violating that principle. Examples: racial equality, equality of the sexes, helping poor people, peace as opposed to war, nonviolence generally, freedom of expression, kindness to animals. More fundamentally, the duty of the individual to serve society and the duty of society to take care of the individual. All these have been deeply rooted values of our society (or at least of its middle and upper classes (4) for a long time. These values are explicitly or implicitly expressed or presupposed in most of the material presented to us by the mainstream communications media and the educational system. Leftists, especially those of the oversocialized type, usually do not rebel against these principles but justify their hostility to society by claiming (with some degree of truth) that society is not living up to these principles.

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過度社會化類型的左派主義者試圖掙脫自己的心理狗鏈睬澡，通過反叛來維護他的自主權(quán)。但通常他不夠強大艳汽，無法反抗社會最基本的價值猴贰。一般而言对雪，今天的左派主義者的目標(biāo)與公認(rèn)的道德并不沖突河狐。恰恰相反，左派主義者接受公認(rèn)的道德原則瑟捣，當(dāng)做自己的原則馋艺，然后指責(zé)主流社會違反該原則。例如：種族平等迈套，男女平等捐祠，幫助窮人，和平或反戰(zhàn)桑李，一般的非暴力行為踱蛀，言論自由，善待動物贵白，等等率拒。從根本上說就是個人服務(wù)社會的責(zé)任與社會照顧個人的責(zé)任。所有這些很長一段時間以來都已經(jīng)深深植根于我們的社會價值當(dāng)中禁荒，或至少是社會的中產(chǎn)階級和上層階級 [4] 主流傳播媒體與教育體系呈現(xiàn)給我們的大多數(shù)都材料或明或暗地明示或暗示了這些價值猬膨。左派主義者，尤其是那些過度社會化類型的左派主義者呛伴，通常不會反叛這些原則勃痴，而是通過聲稱社會辜負(fù)了這些原則（在一定程度上的確如此）來為自己對社會的敵意進行辯護。

[4]. (Paragraph 28) There are many individuals of the middle and upper classes who resist some of these values, but usually their resistance is more or less covert. Such resistance appears in the mass media only to a very limited extent. The main thrust of propaganda in our society is in favor of the stated values.
[4]（第28段）很多中產(chǎn)階級和上層階級個人反對這些價值當(dāng)中的一部分热康，但通常他們的反對或多或少都是隱蔽的沛申。這種反對僅僅在出現(xiàn)在大眾媒體當(dāng)中一個非常有限的范圍內(nèi)。我們社會的宣傳主旨是支持上述指明的價值姐军。

The main reasons why these values have become, so to speak, the official values of our society is that they are useful to the industrial system. Violence is discouraged because it disrupts the functioning of the system. Racism is discouraged because ethnic conflicts also disrupt the system, and discrimination wastes the talent of minority-group members who could be useful to the system. Poverty must be "cured" because the underclass causes problems for the system and contact with the underclass lowers the moral of the other classes. Women are encouraged to have careers because their talents are useful to the system and, more importantly because by having regular jobs women become better integrated into the system and tied directly to it rather than to their families. This helps to weaken family solidarity. (The leaders of the system say they want to strengthen the family, but they really mean is that they want the family to serve as an effective tool for socializing children in accord with the needs of the system. We argue in paragraphs 51,52 that the system cannot afford to let the family or other small-scale social groups be strong or autonomous.)
可以這么說污它，這些價值觀成為官方價值觀的原因是因為它們對于工業(yè)體系有用。暴力遭到阻礙，因為它會破壞體系的功能衫贬。種族主義遭到阻礙德澈，因為種族沖突會擾亂體系運行，歧視可能對體系有用的少數(shù)群體成員則會造成人才浪費固惯。貧困必須被“治愈”梆造，因為下層階級會給體系造成問題，其他階級在接觸下層階級時士氣也會下降葬毫。鼓勵婦女創(chuàng)立自己的事業(yè)是因為她們的才能對體系有利镇辉，更重要的是因為經(jīng)常性工作的女性更容易整合到體系當(dāng)中，并直接與體系而不是家庭相聯(lián)系贴捡，這有助于削弱家庭凝聚力忽肛。 （體系的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人說，他們希望加強家庭烂斋，但他們真正的意思是他們希望家庭根據(jù)體系的需求成為兒童社會化的有效工具屹逛。我們在第51、52段認(rèn)為體系不敢讓家庭或其他小規(guī)模社會群體真正強大自主起來）汛骂。

Here is an illustration of the way in which the oversocialized leftist shows his real attachment to the conventional attitudes of our society while pretending to be in rebellion against it. Many leftists push for affirmative action, for moving black people into high-prestige jobs, for improved education in black schools and more money for such schools; the way of life of the black "underclass" they regard as a social disgrace. They want to integrate the black man into the system, make him a business executive, a lawyer, a scientist just like upper-middle-class white people. The leftists will reply that the last thing they want is to make the black man into a copy of the white man; instead, they want to preserve African American culture. But in what does this preservation of African American culture consist? It can hardly consist in anything more than eating black-style food, listening to black-style music, wearing black-style clothing and going to a black-style church or mosque. In other words, it can express itself only in superficial matters. In all ESSENTIAL respects more leftists of the oversocialized type want to make the black man conform to white, middle-class ideals. They want to make him study technical subjects, become an executive or a scientist, spend his life climbing the status ladder to prove that black people are as good as white. They want to make black fathers "responsible." they want black gangs to become nonviolent, etc. But these are exactly the values of the industrial-technological system. The system couldn't care less what kind of music a man listens to, what kind of clothes he wears or what religion he believes in as long as he studies in school, holds a respectable job, climbs the status ladder, is a "responsible" parent, is nonviolent and so forth. In effect, however much he may deny it, the oversocialized leftist wants to integrate the black man into the system and make him adopt its values.

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下面來表現(xiàn)一下過度社會化左派主義者如何顯示他對于社會傳統(tǒng)觀念的真實依賴罕模，同時還假裝反抗。許多左派主義者都支持平權(quán)運動帘瞭，支持黑人獲得地位更高的工作淑掌，提高黑人學(xué)校教學(xué)質(zhì)量并向此類學(xué)校追加投資，他們認(rèn)為黑人“下層階級”的存在是社會的恥辱蝶念。他們希望將黑人整合到體系中抛腕，使他成為企業(yè)主管，律師媒殉，科學(xué)家担敌，就像上層中產(chǎn)階級的白人一樣。左派主義者會回答說他們最不想做的就是使黑人男子成為白人的翻版适袜，相反柄错，他們要保留美國黑人文化。但是保存美國黑人文化是什么意思呢苦酱？幾乎無非就是吃黑人風(fēng)格的食物售貌，聽著黑人風(fēng)格的音樂，穿著黑人風(fēng)格的服裝疫萤，修建黑人風(fēng)格的教堂或清真寺颂跨。換句話說，黑人只可以在表面問題上表達自己扯饶。而在所有根本方面恒削，過度社會化的左派主義者都希望黑人符合白人中產(chǎn)階層的理想池颈。他們希望讓他學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)學(xué)科，成為行政人員或科學(xué)家钓丰，耗費人生向上爬從而證明自己并不比白人更差躯砰。他們希望黑人父親 “負(fù)責(zé)”。他們希望黑人幫派放棄暴力携丁。但這些正是工業(yè)技術(shù)體系的價值觀琢歇。該體系不在乎一個人聽什么樣的音樂，穿什么樣的衣服梦鉴，信什么宗教李茫，只要他在學(xué)校上學(xué)，擁有體面的工作肥橙，攀登等級階梯魄宏，是一個“負(fù)責(zé)任”的父親，不使用暴力等等存筏。實際上宠互，無論過度社會化的左派主義者如何否認(rèn)這一點，他實際上是要將黑人整合到體系中并讓他接受體系的價值觀方篮。

We certainly do not claim that leftists, even of the oversocialized type, NEVER rebel against the fundamental values of our society. Clearly they sometimes do. Some oversocialized leftists have gone so far as to rebel against one of modern society's most important principles by engaging in physical violence. By their own account, violence is for them a form of "liberation." In other words, by committing violence they break through the psychological restraints that have been trained into them. Because they are oversocialized these restraints have been more confining for them than for others; hence their need to break free of them. But they usually justify their rebellion in terms of mainstream values. If they engage in violence they claim to be fighting against racism or the like.

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我們當(dāng)然并不聲稱左派主義者名秀，甚至是過度社會化的左派主義者励负，從不反抗我們社會的基本價值觀藕溅。顯然他們有時會這么做。一些過度社會化的左派主義者甚至還反抗現(xiàn)代社會最重要的原則之一继榆，采用了肢體暴力巾表。他們認(rèn)為暴力對他們來說是一種“解放”。換句話說略吨，他們通過暴力沖破了習(xí)得的心理制約集币。因為他們過度社會化，這些制約對他們的限制效果更強翠忠；因此他們需要打破這些制約鞠苟。但是，他們通常用主流價值觀為自己的反叛辯護秽之。如果他們從事暴力活動当娱，他們就聲稱自己是在打擊種族主義。

We realize that many objections could be raised to the foregoing thumb-nail sketch of leftist psychology. The real situation is complex, and anything like a complete description of it would take several volumes even if the necessary data were available. We claim only to have indicated very roughly the two most important tendencies in the psychology of modern leftism.

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我們認(rèn)識到考榨，對于上述左派主義者的心理素描可以提出許多反對意見跨细。真實的情況是復(fù)雜的，即使提供必要的數(shù)據(jù)河质，進行完整描述也需要好幾卷的篇幅冀惭。我們只打算非常粗略地概述兩個最重要的現(xiàn)代左派主義者心理傾向震叙。

The problems of the leftist are indicative of the problems of our society as a whole. Low self-esteem, depressive tendencies and defeatism are not restricted to the left. Though they are especially noticeable in the left, they are widespread in our society. And today's society tries to socialize us to a greater extent than any previous society. We are even told by experts how to eat, how to exercise, how to make love, how to raise our kids and so forth.

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左派主義者的問題表明了我們的社會作為整體的問題。低自尊散休，抑郁傾向和失敗不僅限于左派媒楼，這些問題廣泛存在于我們的社會，雖然在左派尤其明顯戚丸。今天的社會與以往任何社會相比都試圖在更大程度上將我們社會化匣砖。甚至還有專家告訴我們怎么吃，如何運動昏滴，如何做愛猴鲫，如何教育子女等等。

THE POWER PROCESS
權(quán)力過程

Human beings have a need (probably based in biology) for something that we will call the "power process." This is closely related to the need for power (which is widely recognized) but is not quite the same thing. The power process has four elements. The three most clear-cut of these we call goal, effort and attainment of goal. (Everyone needs to have goals whose attainment requires effort, and needs to succeed in attaining at least some of his goals.) The fourth element is more difficult to define and may not be necessary for everyone. We call it autonomy and will discuss it later (paragraphs 42-44).

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人類有一種需求（可能有生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)）谣殊，我們稱之為“權(quán)力過程”拂共。這與對權(quán)力的需要緊密相關(guān)（這一點得到了廣泛承認(rèn)）但并不完全一樣∫黾福“權(quán)力過程”有四大要素宜狐。其中最明確的三個我們稱之為目標(biāo)、努力與目標(biāo)實現(xiàn)蛇捌。（每個人都需要目標(biāo)抚恒，目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)需要努力，他至少需要成功實現(xiàn)一部分目標(biāo)）第四個元素很難定義络拌，未必對所有人都有必要俭驮。我們叫它自主并將在下文中加以討論（第42-44段）。

Consider the hypothetical case of a man who can have anything he wants just by wishing for it. Such a man has power, but he will develop serious psychological problems. At first he will have a lot of fun, but by and by he will become acutely bored and demoralized. Eventually he may become clinically depressed. History shows that leisured aristocracies tend to become decadent. This is not true of fighting aristocracies that have to struggle to maintain their power. But leisured, secure aristocracies that have no need to exert themselves usually become bored, hedonistic and demoralized, even though they have power. This shows that power is not enough. One must have goals toward which to exercise one's power.

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考慮一個假設(shè)的個人春贸，他只要心念一動就能獲得自己想要的一切混萝。這個人有權(quán)力，但他將會遭受嚴(yán)重的心理問題萍恕。起初他將有很多的樂趣逸嘀，但漸漸地他將極度無聊并且情緒低落。最終他有可能患上抑郁癥允粤。歷史表明悠閑的貴族們往往會變得頹廢崭倘。為了保持權(quán)力而征戰(zhàn)不休的貴族并不會如此。但悠閑而安全类垫、沒有必要發(fā)揮自己能力的貴族通常會變得無聊司光，沉湎于享樂主義并意氣消沉，即使他們掌握著權(quán)力阔挠。這表明權(quán)力本身是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的基显。一個人必須有行使權(quán)力的目標(biāo)谅摄。

Everyone has goals; if nothing else, to obtain the physical necessities of life: food, water and whatever clothing and shelter are made necessary by the climate. But the leisured aristocrat obtains these things without effort. Hence his boredom and demoralization.

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每個人都有目標(biāo)，首先是獲得生活必需品：食物学辱，水和與生活在特定氣候區(qū)域所必須的衣服和住所。但有閑的貴族毫不費力就能獲得這些東西。因此，他會感到無聊和意氣消沉。

Nonattainment of important goals results in death if the goals are physical necessities, and in frustration if nonattainment of the goals is compatible with survival. Consistent failure to attain goals throughout life results in defeatism, low self-esteem or depression.

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如果目標(biāo)是生存必需品晃跺，未能獲得重要目標(biāo)就會導(dǎo)致死亡；如果目標(biāo)對生存有益毫玖，未能獲得目標(biāo)就會使人感到受挫掀虎。在整個生活當(dāng)中一直沒能獲得目標(biāo)將會導(dǎo)致失敗主義，自卑或抑郁癥付枫。

Thus, in order to avoid serious psychological problems, a human being needs goals whose attainment requires effort, and he must have a reasonable rate of success in attaining his goals.

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因此烹玉，為了避免嚴(yán)重的心理問題，一個人需要一個耗費一定努力才能實現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)阐滩，還必須有合理的目標(biāo)實現(xiàn)成功率二打。

SURROGATE ACTIVITIES
替代性活動

But not every leisured aristocrat becomes bored and demoralized. For example, the emperor Hirohito, instead of sinking into decadent hedonism, devoted himself to marine biology, a field in which he became distinguished. When people do not have to exert themselves to satisfy their physical needs they often set up artificial goals for themselves. In many cases they then pursue these goals with the same energy and emotional involvement that they otherwise would have put into the search for physical necessities. Thus the aristocrats of the Roman Empire had their literary pretensions; many European aristocrats a few centuries ago invested tremendous time and energy in hunting, though they certainly didn't need the meat; other aristocracies have competed for status through elaborate displays of wealth; and a few aristocrats, like Hirohito, have turned to science.

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但是并非所有有閑貴族都會變得厭倦而意氣消沉。例如裕仁天皇就沒有沉湎于頹廢的享樂主義掂榔，而是投身于海洋生物學(xué)并取得了相當(dāng)?shù)某删图绦А．?dāng)人們不必為了滿足物質(zhì)需求而發(fā)揮能力時，他們經(jīng)常為自己設(shè)定人為目標(biāo)装获。在很多情況下他們?yōu)榱俗非筮@些目標(biāo)而投入的精力與感情就像其他人為了獲取物質(zhì)必需品所進行的投入一樣瑞信。因此羅馬貴族會用文學(xué)修飾自己；幾個世紀(jì)以前的許多歐洲貴族投入大量的時間與精力來打獵穴豫，盡管他們肯定不缺肉食凡简；其他貴族則通過展示財富來進行社會地位的比拼；還有少數(shù)貴族轉(zhuǎn)向了科學(xué)領(lǐng)域绩郎，例如裕仁天皇潘鲫。

We use the term "surrogate activity" to designate an activity that is directed toward an artificial goal that people set up for themselves merely in order to have some goal to work toward, or let us say, merely for the sake of the "fulfillment" that they get from pursuing the goal. Here is a rule of thumb for the identification of surrogate activities. Given a person who devotes much time and energy to the pursuit of goal X, ask yourself this: If he had to devote most of his time and energy to satisfying his biological needs, and if that effort required him to use his physical and mental facilities in a varied and interesting way, would he feel seriously deprived because he did not attain goal X? If the answer is no, then the person's pursuit of a goal X is a surrogate activity. Hirohito's studies in marine biology clearly constituted a surrogate activity, since it is pretty certain that if Hirohito had had to spend his time working at interesting non-scientific tasks in order to obtain the necessities of life, he would not have felt deprived because he didn't know all about the anatomy and life-cycles of marine animals. On the other hand the pursuit of sex and love (for example) is not a surrogate activity, because most people, even if their existence were otherwise satisfactory, would feel deprived if they passed their lives without ever having a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. (But pursuit of an excessive amount of sex, more than one really needs, can be a surrogate activity.)

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我們使用 “替代活動”這個名詞來表示追求自行設(shè)立的人為目標(biāo)的行為翁逞，人們之所以樹立這些目標(biāo)只是為了能夠為之努力肋杖，或者說僅僅是為了追逐目標(biāo)過程中的“滿足感”。這是識別替代活動的關(guān)鍵挖函。假設(shè)某人投入了大量時間和精力去追求目標(biāo)x状植，你不妨問自己：如果他要投入大部分時間和精力來滿足自己的生理需求，而且他需要以多種不同且有趣的方式發(fā)揮自己的體力與腦力怨喘，他是否會因為沒能達到目標(biāo)x而感到非常失落呢津畸？如果答案是否定的，則此人對于目標(biāo)X的追求就是替代活動必怜。裕仁的海洋生物研究顯然是替代活動肉拓，因為很肯定，如果裕仁要將他的時間花在有趣的非科學(xué)性任務(wù)上從而獲取生活必需品梳庆，他不會因為自己不知道海洋動物的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和生命周期而感到失落暖途。另一方面卑惜，性與愛的追求（打個比方）不是替代活動，因為大多數(shù)人即使在其他方面享受著令人滿意的生活驻售，如果終其一生沒有與一名異性建立關(guān)系露久，依舊會感到失落。（但追求超出需要的過度性生活就是替代活動了）

In modern industrial society only minimal effort is necessary to satisfy one's physical needs. It is enough to go through a training program to acquire some petty technical skill, then come to work on time and exert very modest effort needed to hold a job. The only requirements are a moderate amount of intelligence, and most of all, simple OBEDIENCE. If one has those, society takes care of one from cradle to grave. (Yes, there is an underclass that cannot take physical necessities for granted, but we are speaking here of mainstream society.) Thus it is not surprising that modern society is full of surrogate activities. These include scientific work, athletic achievement, humanitarian work, artistic and literary creation, climbing the corporate ladder, acquisition of money and material goods far beyond the point at which they cease to give any additional physical satisfaction, and social activism when it addresses issues that are not important for the activist personally, as in the case of white activists who work for the rights of nonwhite minorities. These are not always pure surrogate activities, since for many people they may be motivated in part by needs other than the need to have some goal to pursue. Scientific work may be motivated in part by a drive for prestige, artistic creation by a need to express feelings, militant social activism by hostility. But for most people who pursue them, these activities are in large part surrogate activities. For example, the majority of scientists will probably agree that the "fulfillment" they get from their work is more important than the money and prestige they earn.

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在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會中欺栗，只需付出很少的努力就足以滿足自己的生理需求毫痕。只需要參加技能培訓(xùn)計劃并學(xué)一點手藝，按時上下班迟几，為了完成工作而投入最少的努力消请，這就足夠了。唯一的要求是一般水平的智力以及單純的服從类腮，后者才是最重要的梯啤。如果你有這些特質(zhì)，社會就會從搖籃到墳?zāi)挂恢闭疹櫮悖ǖ拇_存哲，對于下層社會來說生存必需品的獲得并不這么理所當(dāng)然因宇，但我們這里說的是主流社會）因此毫不奇怪的是，現(xiàn)代社會充滿了替代活動祟偷。這些活動包括科研工作察滑，運動成績，人道主義工作修肠，藝術(shù)和文學(xué)創(chuàng)作贺辰，企業(yè)升職，獲取遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出需要的金錢和物質(zhì)財富直到它們無法帶來任何額外的生理滿足嵌施，還有參與社會活動饲化，盡管活動所要解決的問題對于活動家個人來說并不重要，例如為了非白人少數(shù)族裔的權(quán)利而工作的白人活動家吗伤。這些行為并不總是單純的替代活動吃靠，因為對很多人來說，他們的動機并不只是需要用來追求的目標(biāo)足淆〕部椋科學(xué)工作的動機可能是追求聲望，藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作是為了表達感情巧号，激進社會活動主義則受到了敵意的驅(qū)使族奢。但對于大多數(shù)追求這些目標(biāo)的人來說，這些活動在很大程度上是替代活動丹鸿。例如越走，大多數(shù)的科學(xué)家們可能會同意他們從工作獲得的“滿足感”比他們所賺取的金錢和聲望更重要。

For many if not most people, surrogate activities are less satisfying than the pursuit of real goals ( that is, goals that people would want to attain even if their need for the power process were already fulfilled). One indication of this is the fact that, in many or most cases, people who are deeply involved in surrogate activities are never satisfied, never at rest. Thus the money-maker constantly strives for more and more wealth. The scientist no sooner solves one problem than he moves on to the next. The long-distance runner drives himself to run always farther and faster. Many people who pursue surrogate activities will say that they get far more fulfillment from these activities than they do from the "mundane" business of satisfying their biological needs, but that it is because in our society the effort needed to satisfy the biological needs has been reduced to triviality. More importantly, in our society people do not satisfy their biological needs AUTONOMOUSLY but by functioning as parts of an immense social machine. In contrast, people generally have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing their surrogate activities. have a great deal of autonomy in pursuing their surrogate activities.

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對于許多人（如果不是大多數(shù)人）來說靠欢，替代活動都不如追求真正的目標(biāo)（也就是即使權(quán)力過程的需求已經(jīng)滿足之后依然希望獲得的目標(biāo)）那樣令人滿意廊敌。這一點的表現(xiàn)之一是南片，在許多或者大多數(shù)情況下，深入?yún)⑴c替代活動的人永遠(yuǎn)不會滿足庭敦，從來沒法休息疼进。因此，商人不斷致力于獲取越來越多的財富秧廉∩」悖科學(xué)家剛解決了一個問題就又著手解決下一個。長跑運動員總是驅(qū)使自己跑得更遠(yuǎn)更快疼电。很多追求替代活動的人會說他們從這些活動中得到的滿足感遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多從“平凡”的工作或生理需求的滿足嚼锄，但是這是因為在我們的社會滿足生理需求所需要的努力已經(jīng)降低到了不值一提的程度。更重要的是蔽豺，在我們的社會中区丑，人們滿足生理需求的方式并非自主，而是充當(dāng)巨大社會機器零件修陡。相反沧侥，在追求自己的替代活動時人們普遍有很大的自主性。