(41) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science // continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

難題之一在于所謂的行為科學幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征愚铡、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源衅金。

(42) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

> the explanatory items直譯是“解釋性的項目”，但根據(jù)上下文需要補上“行為”這一層意思從而譯為解釋行為的項目”。

>?directly observed 從直接觀察中得到的；來自于直接的觀察；是直接觀察的結果 ≠直觀

>?other kinds of explanations 其他解釋方式吐根；其他類型的解釋；其他種類的解釋

行為科學之所以發(fā)展緩慢辐马，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的拷橘，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。

(43) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

>?in evolution 演化中 ≠在進化論中

自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認識和研究喜爷。

(44) They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

>?此句的上文是: Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. They是復數(shù),因此可以推斷They不是指代 difficulty冗疮，而是指代 Freedom和 dignity. possessions意為“擁有的東西”，在這里名詞轉譯成動詞擁有”檩帐。

>?essential 意為“對……必不可少”术幔，“是……的必要條件”，或“是……必不可少的前提”

>?practices的意思很多湃密，如“練習诅挑，實踐”等，在這里,它的意思是“習慣泛源，做法”拔妥，在翻譯中由于這些“做法”的具體內容的出現(xiàn)，“做法”這個詞可以被省略达箍。

>?文中 is held responsible for和(is) given credit for是被動語態(tài)没龙，按照漢語習慣，可以分別處理為“應該對負責和“因…而受到表揚”缎玫。

它們是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的硬纤、自主人擁有的,是要求一個人對自己的行為負責并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。

(45) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

>?狀語從句中until意為“直到”赃磨，直譯是“在這些問題得到解決之前筝家，技術將繼續(xù)……”，這種說法不符合中文習慣邻辉，它可從反面表達：“如果這些問題得不到解決溪王，技術將……”腮鞍，注意被動語態(tài) are resolved按照漢語習慣可以譯成“得到解決”。and后是一省略句在扰，其難點在于確定代詞it的指代內容，it經常指代前文的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞(詞組)雷客，也經常指代前文的某件事情芒珠，某個情況。本文中就是最后種用法搅裙，it指的就是前文 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected with做狀語一般表示伴隨皱卓。這一分句只有一個狀語加一個名詞結構，構不成一個完整的句子部逮。其實娜汁，與前句相同的成分才會被省略，前一句的謂語部分是：will continue to be rejected兄朋。所以后一分句補充完整是with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.

>?with it … problems 解決我們問題的唯一方法的可能性也將消失

(如果)這些問題得不到解決,研究行為的技術手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題的唯一方式可能也會隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥掐禁。