Lesson 64?? ?The Channel Tunnel
【New words and expressions】(13)
★tunnel?? n.隧道
channel?? n.海峽(The Channel? 英吉利海峽)
★ventilate? v.通風(fēng)★ventilation?? n.通風(fēng)
Forced Ventilation 強(qiáng)制排風(fēng)系統(tǒng)
(forced?adj.被迫的，強(qiáng)迫的，動(dòng)用武力的)
air? v.通風(fēng)Air the room, please!? 給房間通通風(fēng)
★double????? adj.雙的
字母W 的讀音就是“double u”疫蔓，意為兩個(gè)u 構(gòu)成w .couple，pair????兩個(gè)a couple of weeks
a pair of shoes/socks/glasses一副眼鏡
★fear ① vt. 害怕畏懼sb. fear
doing sth. 害怕做……sb. fear sth.? 害怕…be afraid of? 害怕……
be afraid of /fear??? 人做主語(yǔ)
② vt. 恐怕呈野，猜想(比be afraid要正式)
fear that…???? 恐怕……
We fear /It isfeared/ We’re afraid that many lives have been lost in the crash.
be afraid that… = Iam sorry.? 恐怕……(婉言謝絕)
fright / frighten /frightening / frightened / frightful
sth. frighten sb. =sth. scare sb.??? …嚇了……一跳
frighten = scare是因某件突然的事情才讓某人產(chǎn)生了害怕的情緒旗闽，句子后邊的部分是人
horrify??? v.使恐怖, 使極度厭惡, 驚駭
horrified? adj.驚悸的, 帶有恐怖感的, 驚駭?shù)?/p>
★invasion n.入侵, 侵略invade vt. 侵略, 侵襲, 擁擠★officially??? adv.正式地
official adj.(官方)正式formally adv(一般)正式
★connect v. 連接connectsth. with/to…??? 把……和……連接?? connect A with B? (A和B平等) connect A to B?????? (A連到B上去)
★European?? adj.歐洲的★continent???? n.大陸
EuropeanContinent?? 歐洲大陸(不包括歐洲島國(guó))
【課文講解】
1遵馆、In 1858, aFrench engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for atwenty-one-mile tunnel under the English Channel.
plan for +名詞/動(dòng)名詞????? ……的計(jì)劃
twenty-one-mile 加連字符京腥，用單數(shù)赦肃，作定語(yǔ)
2、Thisplatform would serve as a port and a railway station.? serve as… =serve for…? 起……作用公浪，用作……他宛，充當(dāng)……
3、In 1860, abetter plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low.
put forward(plan/suggestion)? 提出(計(jì)劃欠气、建議等)
4厅各、He suggestedthat a double railway-tunnel should be built.
suggest①? vt.暗示，用法與其他的詞相同
②? vt.建議晃琳，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣讯检，后接動(dòng)詞是要用-ing形式琐鲁，后接that從句采用一種固定的用法“should+動(dòng)詞原形”(should 可省略)
insist作“堅(jiān)持”講時(shí)用法同suggest
?5卫旱、This would solve the problem of ventilation,for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it.? draw in??吸進(jìn)，如用bring沒有 draw in 形象围段、貼切
6顾翼、If, at thetime, the British had not feared invasion, it would have been completed.
虛擬語(yǔ)氣(非真實(shí)條件句)中，與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反奈泪，從句用一般過去時(shí)适贸；與過去事實(shí)相反灸芳，從句用過去完成時(shí)，此時(shí)主句格式為would
have done拜姿，would/could/should 都可以
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加have
done 表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)烙样，如must have done，can't
have done等
【Summary writing】
1? Who plannedto build a tunnel under the English Channel in 1858? How would it beventilated? (The tunnel, which…)
4? Did work
begin forty－two years later or not? Why was it stopped? (Though…because)
5? When wasthe Channel Tunnel officially opened? (However)
1? 先行詞, which : 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
The tunnel, which aFrench engineer planned to build in 1858, would be ventilated if tall chimmeyswere built above sea level.
4? Though it was begun (work begin forty-twoyears later), it was stopped because…
5? However起副詞的作用,后面可以直接加句子
【Key structures】
第3類條件句
第3類條件句是在if從句里設(shè)想純粹想像的事情蕊肥，在主句里講述想像的結(jié)果谒获，談的是沒有或永遠(yuǎn)不可能有的結(jié)果，指的是過去沒有過的事情壁却。第3類條件句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是if從句用過去完成時(shí)批狱，主句用would have/ should have +過去分詞：
? If it had rained, we would have stayed athome.
在if從句中可用could have +過去分詞代替had been able to +動(dòng)詞原形：I’d have read that book if I could have bought it.
【Special difficulties】
動(dòng)詞draw的一些短語(yǔ)vt. 拉，拖????
draw in??? 使……進(jìn)入展东；吸入
? The smell of flowers in the shop drew usin.??? draw back??? 后退赔硫，后縮；收回盐肃，撤回
? You must finish the work by yourselves now.They have drawn back their people.爪膊。
draw up??? 停住，使……停自彝酢惊完；起草，制訂处硬，擬訂
? I was waiting for Jill in front of a shopwhen a taxi drew up beside me.
? draw off???撤走小槐，離開
? The villagers had to draw off because of theflood.
【Multiple choice questions】
9? A plan wasput forward by William Low. He ___a____it.
a. suggested?b. intended?c. aimed at?d. planned plan??
v. 計(jì)劃
put forword? 提出 ；intend to do sth. 打算做……
aim at? 目標(biāo)是…… 荷辕；suggest??? v.建議
suggest + doing
sth./名詞或代詞凿跳；suggest that 從句；?
11? It finallyconnects Britain and Europe. Britain and Europe are finally ____b___.
a. mixed? b. joined together c. rejoined? d. combined
mix? v.混合疮方；join?? v.連接(加入), 強(qiáng)調(diào)使成為其中一員rejoin?? v.再次加入控嗜；combine?? v.合并
connect?? 強(qiáng)調(diào)連接
?
Lesson 65??? Jumbo versus the police
【New words and expressions】(9)
★versus?? prep.對(duì) (對(duì)抗的概念)
vs.…對(duì)…(versus的縮寫讀音不變Have you watched the game last night? It was France versus Italy.
★Christmas??? n.圣誕節(jié)
Christmas Eve 圣誕前夜Father
Christmas 圣誕老人
Santa Claus? 圣誕老人(美國(guó)常用)(Santa [美]=Santa Claus)
★present??? n.禮物present = gift???? 禮物
★accompany???? v.陪伴, 隨行
I'll accompany youto your hotel.
★approach ① v. 走近( = comenearer and nearer )The old man approaches 80 years old.
approach sb.???? 離某人越來(lái)越近
②n.途徑,方法We have found an approach to success.
★ought????? modal verb應(yīng)該
ought to dosth.???? 應(yīng)該(義務(wù)上)
should do sth.?????? 應(yīng)該(我認(rèn)為)
★weigh??? v.重
sb./sth. weigh +體重??? ……的體重/重量是……
weight??? n.重量lose weight??? 減肥
★fortunate(= lucky)??? adj.幸運(yùn)的
【課文講解】
1、Dressed up
as Father Christmas and accompanied by a 'guard of honour' of six pretty girls,
he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called
Jumbo. dress up as… 裝扮成為……(的樣子)
dress up????? 打扮a guard of honour??? 儀仗隊(duì)
of six pretty girls中的of表示“由……組成的”
?set off???出發(fā)
2骡显、He shouldhave known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.
should havedone???? 原本應(yīng)該發(fā)生而沒發(fā)生
needn't havedone??? 過去不必做但是做了
ought to havedone?? 也表示原本應(yīng)該做而沒做
所有的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have
done都跟過去有關(guān)
3疆栏、A policemanapproached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street asJumbo was holding up the traffic.? as＝because
hold up thetraffic???? 阻礙交通
?4、Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumborefused to move.
agree to do sth. 同意做某事(to 為不定式)
agree with sb.??? 同意某人(的建議等)
agree to sth.Iagree to your advice.
5惫谤、Fifteenpolicemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street.
get off?? 從……移去/除去? (off＝away from??? 離開什么地方) Please get the box off the boat.
6壁顶、'Jumbo mustweigh a few tons,' said a policeman afterwards, 'so it was fortunate that wedidn't have to carry him. Of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a goodrecord, we shall let him off this time.'
afterwards ＝later后來(lái)
It was fortunatethat…???? 幸運(yùn)的是……
let sb. off?? 饒恕某人，放過……溜歪，對(duì)……從輕處理
record??? n.紀(jì)錄若专；(警察局的)記錄，歷史蝴猪，成績(jī)
set up a new worldrecord
sb. have a goodrecord??? 表現(xiàn)一貫很好
resume???? n.摘要, 概略, <美> 履歷
? vt.再繼續(xù), 重新開始, 重新占用, 再用, 恢復(fù)
【Summary writing】
1? What did hedecide to take to a children's hospital? How did the circus owner, Jimmy Gates,dress up? Did he set off down the main street of the city, or did he go down aside street? Was he riding an elephant called Jumbo or not? (After having...and... riding)
2? Was he toldthat he was holding up the traffic or not? Did Jimmy agree to go at once, ornot? Did Jumbo agree to go, or did he refuse to move? How many policemen had topush him off the main street? (On being…but…so…)
1 After havingdecided to take presents to hospital and dressed up as Father Christmas, he setoff down the street riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.
After的后面可以直接加doing,也可以加having done
After knocking at
the door. / After having knocked at the door.decided 和 dressed 共用after having
動(dòng)詞ing 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間上的同時(shí)
2? On being told that he was holding up thetraffic, he agreed to go at once, but Jumbo refused to move,so fifteenpolicemen had to push him off the main street.
on 加在動(dòng)詞前面,相當(dāng)與as soon as
be 在這兒要跟done相連
【Letter Writing】
書信常見語(yǔ)：
I really hate tocomplain, but …/Some time ago, I …
【Key structures】
Must, Have to,Should and Ought to
must通常只用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)调衰，其他時(shí)態(tài)則用have to代替膊爪。have to比must往往更強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀的要求或外在的原因。should和ought to都可譯為“應(yīng)該”嚎莉，表示義務(wù)米酬、責(zé)任或某個(gè)正確的行為。ought to比should語(yǔ)氣略強(qiáng)些趋箩，多用于肯定句淮逻；疑問句與否定結(jié)構(gòu)則多用should。should/ought to +have +過去分詞表示過去應(yīng)該做(或完成)而沒有做的事阁簸。
? He ought to have returned by now.
He had to changehis plans, but he should be returning soon.
【Special difficulties】
帶let的短語(yǔ)
let??? vt.允許爬早，讓
let sb. in? 允許進(jìn)來(lái)let sb. out 放走，釋放启妹，放出去
let off??????? 放過筛严，饒過，寬恕饶米，對(duì)……從輕處理
let down?? 使……失望桨啃，(在緊要關(guān)頭)拋棄
? dress and dress up
dress?? vt.&vt.穿衣，打扮
dress up???? 穿上盛裝檬输，精心打扮照瘾，裝扮(成……)
? He dressed up as Father Christmas.
【Multiple choice questions】
3? Jimmy____b___Father Christmas.
a. seemed as?? b. looked like c. looked as? d. seemed
as后面要加句子, 只有在the same as結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)不加句子, 或者是as...as
Lucy is the same asher sister.
like的后面加代詞或名詞，表示“象……一樣”
① seem后面可以直接加形容詞Heseemed rich.???
② seem后面會(huì)加不定式結(jié)構(gòu)Heseemed to be rich.
③ It seemed that… 表示某件事情看起來(lái)似乎如此
④ seem +as if從句???? 看起來(lái)似乎
?
【New words and expressions】(20)
★bomber?? n.轟炸機(jī), 炸彈手, 轟炸員, 投彈手
bomb????? n.炸彈
★remote adj. 偏僻的丧慈，偏遠(yuǎn)的
remote village???? 遙遠(yuǎn)的村莊
lonely?adj.偏僻的(孤零零的)lonelyisland?? 孤島
★Pacific????? n.太平洋
Atlantic大西洋 析命； Indian
ocean印度洋 ； Arctic ocean 北冰洋
★wreck? n.殘骸 強(qiáng)調(diào)壞了沒用的東西 (一個(gè)壞了的整體逃默，完整的)鹃愤；wrekage強(qiáng)調(diào)壞成碎片的東西
★rediscover??? v.重新發(fā)現(xiàn)
re-表示“再, 又”的意思，如review復(fù)習(xí)完域，reread再讀软吐，rewrite改寫，retell復(fù)述等
★survey?????? n.調(diào)查(一定要跟數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)系)
aerial survey???? 航空調(diào)查(跟數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)系)
investigation??? n.調(diào)查吟税，研究
★package? ① v. 把……打成大包
pack??? n.小包凹耙；v. 把……打成小包
Pack it for me./Wrapit up for me.
② n. 大包
package deal?? 一攬子交易,一攬子交易中的條款
parcel????? n.包裹(郵局郵寄)
★imagine?? ① vt. 想像
Imagine it.??? 想象一下吧! (口語(yǔ))
② vt. 料想，猜想
imagine doing
sth./imagine that + 從句?? 想象……
★colony? n.殖民地肠仪，僑民肖抱，(聚居的)一群同業(yè)，一批同行藤韵，(生物)群體
a colony of ants /bees? 一群螞蟻?? 一群蜜蜂虐沥；
a colony of artists一群藝術(shù)家a flock of goats 羊群
a herd of cows? 一群奶牛a crowd of?一群(用于人)
★preserve???? v.保護(hù)熊经，保存(經(jīng)過特殊手段而保存下來(lái)) preserved bean curd?? 豆腐乳(bean curd?? 豆腐)preserved fruit? 果脯泽艘；? preserved meat?? 臘肉欲险；preservedfish??? 臘魚smokedfish??? 熏魚
keep??? v.保存，保持Can I keep it for you?
Store v. 儲(chǔ)存匹涮，保存(以便日后使用)store the cabbage??
?【課文講解】
1天试、In1963 aLancaster bomber crashed on WallisIsland, a remote place in the South Pacific, a long way west of Samoa.
crash?? vi.從上往下掉crash in the mountain??? 掉到山里? a long way to go???? 有很長(zhǎng)的路要走
在英文中跟方位感相連的介詞有三個(gè)in, on, to
in 隸屬關(guān)系Haerbin’sin the north of China.
on是指跟一個(gè)地方有接觸面Korea
is on the north of China. to是相離的概念Japan is to the eastof China.
?west of＝to the west of? (west of前面沒有任何詞修飾的時(shí)候，認(rèn)為處于相離的概念)
2然低、The planewasn't too badly damaged, but over the years, the crash was forgotten and thewreck remained undisturbed.
over? 在……期間/之中(相當(dāng)于during喜每，over后如有數(shù)字則譯為“超過”)over the years? 這些年來(lái)
over the new year? 在新年期間 ；over the Christmas??? 在圣誕期間over SpringFestival??? 在春節(jié)期間
He worked very hardover the last two years.
remain+adj.???? remain看作系動(dòng)詞be理解
The room remainedwarm.??? 房間還是那么暖和
(注意與 “the room
was warm.” 的區(qū)別, “remain” 有保持的意思)
3雳攘、By thistime, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing.
by this time? 到這時(shí)in condition? 處于……狀態(tài)
in reasonable
condition＝in good condition
in perfect /poor
condition 處于完美狀態(tài)/ 狀態(tài)不好.
reasonable在這里表示“尚好的带兜，過得去的”，用于表示價(jià)錢時(shí)吨灭，指“公道的刚照，合理的，不貴的”等
?be worth doing sth.??? 值得……喧兄，具有……的價(jià)值(表達(dá)了被動(dòng)含義, 用主動(dòng)ing表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義)
4无畔、The Frenchauthorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France.
have sth. done?? 讓別人做某事
in parts =little by
little，bit by bit???? 一部分一部分
5吠冤、Imaginetheir surprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases and foundthat the fourth engine was sweet as honey -- still in perfect condition.
break sth.open? 打開……cut it open?? 剪開(信封)
tear it open???? 撕開(信封)
在固定短語(yǔ)中as…as中的第一個(gè)as可省略
I am busy as abee.? (as busy as a bee中第一個(gè)as省略)sweet as honey? 甜得象蜜 (在文中是雙關(guān)語(yǔ), 注意體會(huì))stickyas glue? 膠水一樣粘strongas horse??? 馬一樣強(qiáng)壯turn…into…?? 把……變成
【Key structures】
使役式：have +名詞/賓語(yǔ)代詞 +動(dòng)詞過去分詞浑彰，使役式表示對(duì)某物(或某人)……。
I have my walletlost/stolen.???? 我丟了錢包
While I’m away,I’ll have you looked after.?? 我不在的時(shí)候拯辙，我會(huì)讓人照顧你的郭变。
have sth. done的另一個(gè)意思是“遭遇不幸”
I have my legbroken.???? 我摔斷了腿
【Special difficulties】
集合名詞
集合名詞表示的是由若干個(gè)體組成的集合體，如family(家庭涯保，一家人)饵较，team(隊(duì))，crew(船遭赂、飛機(jī)等上的全體工作人員)循诉，audience(觀眾)，government(政府)撇他，staff全體職員/教員)茄猫，class(班，班級(jí))等困肩。如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)作為整體的集體划纽，則后面的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)組成集體的每個(gè)人锌畸，則后面的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)勇劣。
?The audience is made up of schoolchildren.??????
The audience were
spellbound by the magic of the performance. 觀眾們被表演的魅力迷住了.
【Multiple choice questions】
6? Only threeof the four Rolls Royce Merlin engines __a__rebuilt.
(a) will have to be
(b) need have been (c)are being (d)had to be情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need只用于否定、疑問句中,在肯定句中肯定是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞need to do 將來(lái)需要做
?
【New words and expressions】(12)
★active?? adj.活動(dòng)的adj. 積極的?
passive??? adj.消極的, 被動(dòng)的
★violently? adv.猛烈地, 劇烈地
violent adj. 猛烈的, 激烈的, 暴力引起的, 強(qiáng)暴的violence? n.猛烈, 強(qiáng)烈, 暴力, 暴虐, 暴行, 強(qiáng)暴
★manage????? v.設(shè)法
manage to do sth. =try to do sth. and succeed
I can manage it. =
I can manage it myself. = I can do it.★escape ① v. 逃脫escape sth.
escape death?? 死里逃生escape doing sth.
He escapepunishment/being punished.
② n. 逃脫narrow escape? 九死一生
★alive????? adj.活著的
alive 做定語(yǔ)時(shí)一定要放在被修飾詞后面, 屬于表語(yǔ)形容詞，后置定語(yǔ)
light ahead?? 前面的燈光
Every man alive hashis/her own troubles.
living sth.? 活著的……living elephant?? 活著的象
live ① adj. 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的比默，活著的(永遠(yuǎn)不和人連用)live concert 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演唱會(huì) live fish活魚(不能和人連)
②? v.活著
【課文講解】
1幻捏、Tazieff wasable to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was eruptingviolently.
close to? 離……很近，與……靠近
for long＝for a longtime
2命咐、He noticedthat a river of liquid rock was coming towards him.=He notice a river of liquidrock coming towards him.
notice that + 賓語(yǔ)從句? notice sth.
notice sb. do/doingsth.? 注意到某人做/正在做某事
a river of…形成的河流a riverof soil and stone???? 泥石流? a river of tears
Riversof bloodflowed during World war II.??? (rivers ofblood?? 血流成河)
4篡九、Itthreatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape just intime.
threaten to???? 威脅著要……，有跡象表明……
He threatened to leave the team. 他揚(yáng)言要離開這個(gè)隊(duì)醋奠。
in time??? 及時(shí)榛臼，來(lái)得及，just表示“正好窜司，差一點(diǎn)”
? I caught the train just in time.
?5沛善、This time, he managed to climb into the mouthof Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.
manage to dosth.??? 設(shè)法做到某事，努力完成某事(雖然很費(fèi)勁塞祈，但仍然做到/完成某事)try to do sth.?? 設(shè)法做某事路呜，努力做某事(但并不一定成功)
the mouth ofKituro???? 火山口
so that? 以便于(目的狀語(yǔ)從句),一定含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
6、Tazieff hasoften risked his life in this way.
risk one’slife?? 冒著生命危險(xiǎn)
take a risk of… =ata risk of…?? 冒著……的危險(xiǎn)
risk sth.＝risk losingsth.???? 冒著失去……的危險(xiǎn)
risk doingsth.????? 冒著做……的危險(xiǎn)
7织咧、He has been
able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive.在兩相比較中, 如果前者屬于后者, 那一定要在比較時(shí)用other, else排除前者than any other man alive
【Key structures】
Can, Be able to andManage to
表示能力時(shí)用can/could胀葱，在將來(lái)時(shí)中表示“能力”時(shí)通常用will be able
to，在表示成功地完成過去某個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)用was able to而不用could笙蒙。
He thought he couldpass the exam easily, but he failed./?Jane can’t swim yet. She’ll be able to swim ina few months’ time.
manage to在表示成功地完成過去某個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)抵屿，經(jīng)常代替be able to，它更強(qiáng)調(diào)“雖然困難很大捅位，但仍然……”轧葛。在否定句中，manage to與be
able to經(jīng)惩Р螅可以互換尿扯。He was able to finish the jobyesterday.?? (表示可能) He managed to finish the job yesterday.??? (暗示他克服了不少困難才完成)
? What do you think of the film?
I’m afraid Ihaven’t managed to/been able to see it yet.
【Special Difficulties】
帶 say與tell的短語(yǔ)
1、say在表示“說焰雕，講”時(shí)衷笋，say后面不跟間接賓語(yǔ)(人)。如一定要指明矩屁，則用“to +名詞/代詞”辟宗。表“道別，誦讀(祈禱)吝秕，背誦”等含義時(shí)用say而不能用tell泊脐。say有“表達(dá)(思想、意見等)”烁峭、“據(jù)說”含義容客，tell則沒有秕铛。John is said to be very interested in art.
He knelt down and
said his prayers.他跪了下來(lái)作禱告. say a good word for?? 為……說好話/辯護(hù)；推薦
?2缩挑、tell:在表示“說但两，講”時(shí)，tell后面可以跟雙賓語(yǔ)调煎。tell經(jīng)常用于表示“講(實(shí)話镜遣，謊話己肮，秘密等)”士袄。tell可以表示“辨別，分辨”谎僻，say則不可以娄柳。在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中，tell the time(美語(yǔ)為tell time)表示根據(jù)鐘表等“說出時(shí)間艘绍，識(shí)鐘”
He is only five,but he can already tell the time.
tell (sb.) alie? 說謊(謊言有很多個(gè)赤拒，為可數(shù)名詞)
tell (sb.) thetruth? 講真話(真話只有一個(gè),故要特指, 加the) tell (sb.) the differencebetween?? 區(qū)分, 區(qū)別
Can't you tell the
difference between an Austin and a Morris? 你能區(qū)分奧斯丁舞和莫利斯舞嗎?
say和tell后面跟so時(shí)含義不一樣：
?I told you so!??? 我告訴過你是這樣的！(用于情況被證實(shí)之后)Who says so?? 誰(shuí)這么說的诱鞠？
? I say so.???我這么說的挎挖。
【Multiple choice questions】
4? He escapedjust in time. He__d__ escaped.
(a)just only? ????? (b)only?? (c)soon? (d) only just
only just ＝almostnot???? 差點(diǎn)就沒有
7? He has beenable to tell us a lot __b__volcanoes.
(a)considering? ?? (b) on the subject of? ????
(c) inrelation? ?? (d) referring
on the subject of＝about
?(朝向)towards＝in thedirection of?? (direction)
12? He hastold us more than any __d__person.
(a)alive? (b)lively??? (c)live? ?????? (d)living
lively??? adj.活潑的,充滿生機(jī)的alively girl
?
Lesson 68???? Persistent
【New words and expressions】(3)
★persistent?????? adj.堅(jiān)持的, 固執(zhí)的
stubborn adj. 頑固的, 固執(zhí)的, 堅(jiān)定的, 堅(jiān)決的, 難應(yīng)付的, 難處理的You are stubborn. 你這個(gè)死腦筋persist???? v.堅(jiān)持(不顧阻攔一味的堅(jiān)持):
persist in doingsth.
★avoid?? v.避開avoid doing sth.??? 避免做……
★insist??? v.堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，堅(jiān)持說(是人的一種態(tài)度)
① vt. &vi. 堅(jiān)持航夺，堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為
insist on doingsth.??? 堅(jiān)持做……
?persevere??v.堅(jiān)持蕉朵，堅(jiān)持不懈地努力(褒義詞)
persevere insth./doing sth.
perseverance??? n.堅(jiān)持不懈
② vt. &vi. 堅(jiān)決主張/要求，一定要
I insist onspeaking to the manager.
My wife insiststhat I (should) have my hair cut.
【課文講解】
1阳掐、I crossedthe street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.
cross? v.穿過across??? adv.&prep.穿過
? avoid doing sth.???? 避免……
come runningtowards sb.?????? 向某人跑過來(lái)
2始衅、It was nouse pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.
It is (of) no usedoing…??? 做……是沒有用處的，做……是徒步的/無(wú)益的
It is no use cryingover the spilled milk.? 覆水難收
wave to sb.??? 向某人招手
3缭保、I neverenjoy meeting Nigel Dykes.
enjoy doingsth.??? 喜歡做……
appreciatesth./doing sth.???? 喜歡做……
4汛闸、He never hasanything to do.
用不定式做定語(yǔ), 修飾anything，不定式放在不定代詞后面anything to do sth.?? 任何要做的事
anything to eatsth.??? 可以吃的東西 艺骂；
5诸老、No matterhow busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.
no matter常與how，when钳恕，where孕锄，what，who等引導(dǎo)的從句連用苞尝，譯為“無(wú)論……”
No matter how tiredyou are, your children insisted on listening to stories.
6畸肆、I had tothink of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.
think of a way ofdoing sth.?? 想一個(gè)做某事的方法
prevent sb. (from)doing sth.???? 阻止某人做某事, 讓某人不做某事stop sb. from doing sth. 、keep sb. fromdoing sth.??? 讓某人不做某事
? forbid sb. to do sth.? 禁止某人做某事
7宙址、Fancymeeting you here!
=Imagine meetingyou here!? 真想不到會(huì)在這見到你!? (fancy＝imagine)“fance+名詞”表示驚訝
★fancey ① vt. 設(shè)想轴脐，想像
Fancy Ian not
knowing the answer to such an easy question!② vt. 想要，喜歡(往往用于指?jìng)€(gè)人愛好)
It’s a fine day andI fancy driving down to the coast.
8、You're notbusy doing anything, are you?
be busy doingsth.??? 忙著做……
反意疑問句的回答, 根據(jù)事實(shí)回答
9大咱、Would youmind my coming with you?
“Would/Do you mind
+動(dòng)名詞/if引導(dǎo)的從句”用來(lái)表示客氣的請(qǐng)求或征求意見恬涧，表示同意/不介意時(shí)，用“No, not at all”或“Certainly not”回答碴巾；不同意時(shí)往往用一些委婉的說法溯捆，如“I’m
sorry, but…”等回答，不用“yes, I so”厦瓢。Wouldyou mind if I open the windows?
? Certainly not. /Sorry, but it’s cold here.
mind (sb’s) +doingsth.?? 介意某人做某事
-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)有四種形式提揍，分為兩大類
①作為代詞, 可以用人稱代詞的賓格, 又可以用形容詞性物主代詞②作為名詞, 可以保持本身不變,也可以變成名詞所有格
作主語(yǔ)時(shí)必須是所有格(名詞所有格, 形容詞性物主代詞), 但作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以用所有格, 也可用普通格(人稱代詞賓格)Wouldyou mind my/me smoking?
【Composition】
1? There was adentist nearby. She knew him well. Elizabeth decided to go there. She wouldexplain what had happened.(As…whom…in order to)
3? Elizabethleft. The dentist went into the waiting room.‘Do you want to have your teethexamined?’he askeb Nigel.?? (After…and asked Nigel if…)
1? as(因?yàn)? whom(引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)…in
order to (目的狀語(yǔ))There was a dentist nearby whom she knewwell Elizabeth decided to go there in order to explain what had happened.
3? Afrer Elizabeth left, the dentist went intothe waiting room and asked Nigel if he wanted to have his teeth examined.
【Key structure】 動(dòng)名詞的用法
有些動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不能用不定式煮仇。這些動(dòng)詞包括avoid劳跃，admit，deny浙垫，fancy刨仑，finish，enjoy夹姥，mind(在乎杉武，在意)，suggest辙售，stand(容忍)等轻抱。有些結(jié)構(gòu)通常要接動(dòng)名詞，如busy圾亏，worth十拣，it is
no/little use，bored with志鹃，interested
in夭问，insist on，prevent…from等：I was looking forward to reading those books.動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)(即動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者曹铃，而不是句子的主語(yǔ))：? Do you mind my smoking?
come和go之后可以跟與戶外活動(dòng)相關(guān)的動(dòng)名詞(climbing缰趋，driving，fishing陕见，riding秘血，shopping，walking等)评甜，表示建議灰粮、邀請(qǐng)或敘事。
? There’s no point in my coming climbing withyou.
?? (there’s no point in =it is no use)
感知?jiǎng)釉~(hear忍坷，see粘舟，fell熔脂，watch等)后面既可以跟賓語(yǔ)加分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以跟賓語(yǔ)加不帶to的不定式「屉龋現(xiàn)在分詞往往強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生霞揉，用于敘述中時(shí)使人身臨其境；不定式則可以表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了或過程結(jié)束了晰骑。有時(shí)它們之間的區(qū)別不大适秩，可以互相替換使用。
【語(yǔ)法精粹】
動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：由名詞所有格或物主代詞與動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成.動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)多作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ), 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)必須是所有格(名詞所有格, 形容詞性物主代詞), 但作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以用所有格, 也可用普通格(人稱代詞賓格)
His leaving is agreat loss.
Mother dislikesmy(me) working late.
后面可以接動(dòng)詞-ing的詞：介詞硕舆；某些動(dòng)詞盗似，如avoid, enjoy, finish, It is no use, prevent sb from, fancy, imagine,
escape, risk, allow嗡善，deny, appreciate, complete, delay,mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, permit…insist on doing, persist indoing, persevere in doing, give up doing
某些詞加邏輯主語(yǔ)要用不定式作賓語(yǔ)十偶，如： allow+doing sth.(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)) allow sb. to do
sth.(不定式作賓語(yǔ))advise sb. to do sth. advise doing sth.常見如：advise转捕，allow淋样，permit耗式，recommend, etc.
【Multiple choice questions】
9? She didn'tpretend she hadn't seen him. She didn't __c__she hadn't.
(a) make as if?(b) do as if?(c) act as if?(d) conduct as if
as if…????? 似乎, 好像……do as
if (不這么用)act as if …???做得好象……conduct+oneself?? 表現(xiàn)
12? She liedto him. What she said was __a__.
(a) false?? (b)true? ?????? (c)lie? ??? (d)wrong
lie to sb.? ??向某人撒謊false?? adj.錯(cuò)誤的, 虛偽的, 假的, 無(wú)信義的, 偽造的, 人工的, 不老實(shí)的
lie???? n.謊言(可數(shù)名詞，tell alie)
What she said was alie.
?
Lesson 69?? But not murder!
【New words and expressions】(11)
★acquire v. 取得趁猴，獲得刊咳，學(xué)到(知識(shí)、技術(shù)儡司、語(yǔ)言等)娱挨，養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣等)acquire
confidence 獲得信心
”acquire a habit ofdoing sth.???? 養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣
【課文講解】
1、I was beingtested for a driving licence for the third time. a driving licence???? 駕駛執(zhí)照
2捕犬、I had beenasked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully.
heavy??? adj.大量的跷坝，多的，密集的
? Traffic is heavier on this road than on theother one.
3碉碉、The examinermust have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, 'Just onemore thing, Mr. Eames. Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road infront of you. As soon as I tap on the window, you must stop within five feet.'
must have been表示對(duì)過去的事情的猜測(cè)
performance???? n.表現(xiàn)柴钻，表演，工作情況
be pleasedwith???? 對(duì)……滿意
let us supposethat…???? 讓我們假設(shè)……
4垢粮、The examinerlooked at me sadly. 'Mr. Eames,' he said, in a mournful voice, 'you have justkilled that child!'? in a … voice???? 以……的聲調(diào)
in a mournfulvoice???? 用悲傷的聲調(diào)
【Key structures】
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以用于“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中贴届，在英語(yǔ)中是很正式的用法，一般不用于口語(yǔ)蜡吧『硫荆“介詞(after，before昔善，on)+動(dòng)名詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)通常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句元潘。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中有一個(gè)在另一個(gè)開始之前已經(jīng)完成，則可以用“after +動(dòng)名詞的完成式”表示第一個(gè)動(dòng)作君仆；如果只表示先后順序翩概，則可用“after/before +動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)啸澡；“on +動(dòng)名詞”通常表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生：
? The man called the police after being robbed.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于want后面的不定式中時(shí)，to be可以省略氮帐，want后跟被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)往往表示希望別人完成所說的動(dòng)作：I want the luggage fetched from the hotel this afternoon.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還可用于過去進(jìn)行時(shí)嗅虏，以強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性I was being asked about the film all day yesterday.
【Special Difficulties】
Practice and Advice
practice??? n.(反復(fù)的)練習(xí)，實(shí)踐上沐，實(shí)行
? Your spoken English will improve withpractice.
? Have they put their plan into practice?????
practise????? vt.& vi.練習(xí)皮服，經(jīng)常做
? She practises on the piano for three hoursevery day.
advice??? n.忠告，勸告参咙，建議(不可數(shù)名詞)
? She gave me some good advice / a piece ofadvice about jobs.
advise?? vt.& vi.勸告龄广，向……提供提議
? She advised me against going to theparty.???
Enjoy, Entertainand Amuse
enjoy? vt.欣賞，喜愛蕴侧，享受……之樂(后跟名詞择同、動(dòng)名詞或反身代詞，用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
entertain vt. 款待净宵，招待敲才，請(qǐng)客；使……快樂择葡，給……娛樂(=amuse)We often entertain friends at weekends.
? My children can entertain/amuse themselvesfor hours with telling stories to each other.
amuse?????? vt.逗樂紧武，逗笑(常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
【New words and expressions】(16)
★sensitive??? adj.敏感的，神經(jīng)過敏的敏储，易生氣的阻星，介意的(常與to+名詞連用)
Mary is sensitiveto smells.
★charge? ① vt. &vi. 要價(jià)，收費(fèi)
They charged us toomuch for repairs.
② vt. 指控已添，指責(zé)Hecharged Gary with speeding.
③ vt. &vt. 猛攻妥箕，沖向，沖鋒更舞，向前沖
The bull charged atthe drunk.
★bow ① vt. &vt. 鞠躬畦幢，欠身，低下(頭等)
As she couldn’t
answer the question, she bowed her head.② vi. 讓步疏哗，屈服呛讲，服從
Why did you bow totheir decision?
③ vt. 壓彎，壓倒My
mother is bowed with age. 我母親因年老而腰彎背駝返奉。
【課文講解】
1贝搁、The crowdbegan to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger.
be unaware of…???? 不知道，沒有覺察……
I was unaware thatyou were coming.? 我不知道你要來(lái)芽偏。
2雷逆、The bull wasbusy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunkwho was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap.
catch sightof…?????? 突然看到……??
?3、The drunk, however, seemed quite sure ofhimself.
be/feel sure ofoneself? 有自信心
?4污尉、Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bullforgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.
sensitive tocriticism???? 對(duì)挑釁/批評(píng)敏感
charge at …?????? 向……攻擊
5膀哲、The crowdbroke into cheers and the drunk bowed.
break intocheers???? 突然喝起彩來(lái)
break into…????? 突然發(fā)出往产，突然……起來(lái)
? On hearing the news, she broke into tears.
?6、Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him,for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before oncemore turning its attention to the matador.?look on????? 旁觀某宪，觀看
out of the way? 不礙事仿村，不擋路While making meat pies, I always order
the children to keep out of the way.在做肉餡餅時(shí)，總是命令孩子們不要礙事兴喂。
【Letter Writing】
常用開頭語(yǔ)：
I have notforgotten that…/I am afraid I…
You will find ithard to believe, but…
【Key structures】
與for蔼囊，with，of衣迷，to畏鼓，at，from壶谒，in云矫，on和about連用的形容詞
與for連用的形容詞：eager for(渴望)，enough
for(足夠)汗菜，famous for(以……而聞名)让禀，fit for(合適)，grateful for/to(因……而感激)呵俏，qualified for/in(能勝任)堆缘，ready for/to(準(zhǔn)備好)滔灶，responsible for(對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé))普碎，sorry for(對(duì)……感到遺憾)，sufficient for(充足的)录平，thankful for/to(感謝)麻车，valid
for(有效期為……)
? They were eager for the performance to begin.
與with連用的形容詞：angry with sb./at sth.(因某人或某事生氣)，busy with/at(忙于……)斗这，consistent
with(與……一致)动猬，content with(對(duì)……滿足)，familiar with/to(與……熟悉)表箭，patient with(有耐心)赁咙，popular with(為……所喜愛)
??? She wasn’t content with her life.
與of連用的形容詞：afraid of(害怕)，ahead
of(在……前面)免钻，aware of(知道)彼水，capable
of(能夠)，careful of/with(小心)极舔，certain of(確信)凤覆，conscious of(意識(shí)到)，envious
of(妒忌)拆魏，fond of(愛好)盯桦，guilty of(有……罪的)慈俯，ignorant of(不了解)，independent of(獨(dú)立于)拥峦，jealous
of(妒忌)贴膘，kind of/to(對(duì)……和藹)，north/south/east/west
of(在……的北/南/東/西面)略号，short of(缺乏)步鉴，shy of(顧慮)，sure of(肯定)璃哟，worthy of(值得)
? I was short of money at that time.
與to連用的形容詞：close to(接近于)氛琢，contrary
to(與……相反)，cruel to(對(duì)……殘忍)随闪，dear to(對(duì)……很重要)阳似，equal to(與……相等)，faithful to(忠于……)铐伴，fatal
to(對(duì)……是致命的)撮奏，harmful to(對(duì)……有害的)，identical to(與……相同的)当宴，indifferent to(對(duì)……不關(guān)心)畜吊，inferior to(劣于……)，liable to(對(duì)……有義務(wù)的)户矢，new to(對(duì)……沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn))玲献，obedient to(對(duì)……服從)，obvious to(對(duì)……清楚的)梯浪，polite to(對(duì)……有禮貌)捌年，previous to(先于)，rude
to(對(duì)……粗暴無(wú)禮)挂洛，sensitive to(對(duì)……敏感)礼预，similar to(與……相似)，useful to(對(duì)……有用)
? Though the bicycle is old, it is very dear tome.?
與at連用的形容詞：bad at(不善于…)虏劲，clever
(擅長(zhǎng))托酸，efficient at(能勝任的)，expert at/in(能熟練做…)柒巫，good at(善于)励堡，indignant
at(對(duì)……感到憤慨)，quick at(很快)吻育，sad
at/about(因……而悲傷)念秧，slow at(對(duì)…遲鈍)，skillful at/in(熟練)
與from連用的形容詞：away from(距……遠(yuǎn)的)布疼，different from(與……不同的)摊趾，far from(遠(yuǎn)離)币狠，safe from(無(wú)危險(xiǎn)的)The man was far fromcomfortable while being confined to the wooden box.
? 那人被悶在木箱里時(shí)一點(diǎn)兒也不舒服。
與in連用的形容詞：deficient in(缺少)砾层，fortunate
from(在.很幸運(yùn))漩绵，honest from(對(duì)……很誠(chéng)實(shí))，weak from(在…薄弱的)Frankis honest in business.
? 與on連用的形容詞：dependent
on(依賴于……)肛炮，intent on(專心于……)止吐，keen on(熱心于……)
與about連用的形容詞：curious about(對(duì)……好奇的)，doubtful about/of(對(duì)……有疑問)侨糟，enthusiastic about(對(duì)……熱心)碍扔，reluctant
about/to(勉強(qiáng))，right about/in(在……是正確的)秕重，uneasy
about(對(duì)……感到不安)She is uneasyabout her future.??
Lesson71? ??Afamous clock
【課文講解】
1不同、When youvisit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clockwhich can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.
the B.B.C. =British
Broadcasting Corporation 英國(guó)廣播公司
2、If theHouses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock wouldnever have been erected.? the Houses ofParliament國(guó)會(huì)大廈(英國(guó)議會(huì)由上議院(House
of Lords)和下議院(House of Commons)組成)
burn down?? (使)燒成平地溶耘，燒毀
3二拐、Big Bentakes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of theclock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.
take one’s namefrom???? 以……命名
Sir用于英國(guó)人的全名(或名字)之前時(shí)表示“爵士”(不單獨(dú)用于姓之前)，如Sir John Gilbert(約翰.吉爾伯特爵士)或Sir John(約翰爵士)凳兵，但不能稱為Sir Gilbert百新。
be responsiblefor?? 對(duì)……需負(fù)責(zé)任/承擔(dān)責(zé)任的
-ing形式前面無(wú)冠詞時(shí)可直接跟賓語(yǔ)：making the clock；-ing前有冠詞時(shí)則其后不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)庐扫，而必須用of：the making of the clock饭望。
4、It is notonly of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well.
be of… 表人或物的特征We areof the same age/size./This letter is of great importance.
5聚蝶、Big Ben hasrarely gone wrong.
go wrong????(機(jī)器等)發(fā)生故障杰妓，出毛病
?6、A painter who had been working on the towerhung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
slow down? (使……)慢下來(lái)/減速(可分開使用)
【Letter Writing】
常見開頭語(yǔ)：
I wonder how youlearnt that…
You will neverguess who/what…
【Special Difficulties】
Official, Employeeand Shop assistant
official???? n.官員碘勉，公務(wù)員，高級(jí)官員
? Bank officials get high salaries.
?employee??????n.雇員桩卵，雇工(包括各個(gè)層次的).
shop assistant? 零售店的店員(美語(yǔ)中用salesclerk)
? Hang/Hung and Hang/Hanged
hang(hung验靡，hung) vt. 懸掛
?hang(hanged，hanged)??vt.絞死雏节，吊死胜嗓，上吊??
?? I wonder why she hanged herself.
?
Lesson72??? ?Acar called bluebird
【New words and expressions】(7)
★burst?? ① vi. 爆炸，爆裂Theballoon burst.
② vt.& vi. 突然打開We burstthe door open.
【課文講解】
1钩乍、The greatracing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300miles per hour.
在the second辞州，the next/the last以及表示最高級(jí)的如the best，the most intelligent等后可以用to引導(dǎo)的不定式短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)寥粹，這些詞語(yǔ)后面可以接名詞或one(s)变过，也可以不接：
? She’s always the first to arrive and the lastto leave.
the only后必須接一個(gè)名詞或one(s)：
? You’re the only person/one to complain.
per“每一埃元，每”，常用于商業(yè)及技術(shù)用語(yǔ)媚狰，日常用語(yǔ)大多用a/an：You can stay at the hotel at $10 perperson per night.
?2岛杀、It was over 30 feet in length and had a2,500-horsepower engine.30 feet in length
?30英尺長(zhǎng)
3、AlthoughCampbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty incontrolling the car because a tyre burst during the first run.
have difficulty(in) doing sth.?? 做……有困難
?He has grown a beard and I had difficulty (in)recognizing him.
the first run?? 開始的行程
? the next run is forty miles.下一段賽程為40英里崭孤。
4类嗤、Following inhis father's footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm's son, Donald, also set upa world record.
follow in one’sfootsteps???? 步某人的后塵，仿效某人辨宠，繼承某人的事業(yè)
?
Lesson 73??? The record-holder
【New words and expressions】(9)
★record-holder????? 紀(jì)錄保持者
n.+ v.+ er? 構(gòu)詞法tennis player
★truant????? n.逃學(xué)的孩子遗锣，逃學(xué)者
The three boys whoare fishing over there are truants and ought to be sent back to school.
play truant?逃學(xué)(英)play hooky?逃學(xué)(美)evade school 逃學(xué)
be absent fromclasson purpose? ?逃學(xué)
★unimaginative???? adj.缺乏想象力的
imagine v. 想象，設(shè)想imaginative adj. 有想象力的
imagination???? n.想象力
-tive 一般是形容詞的后綴嗤形；-tion一般是名詞后綴
★shame???? n.慚愧黄伊，羞恥
What a shame! 真可恥！ Shame on
you! 替你感到可恥派殷！shameful??adj.令人羞愧
ashamed?? adj.感到羞愧
put sb. toshame???? 讓某人感到羞愧
對(duì)別人贊美的回答：
Thank you. You are
flattering me. (你過獎(jiǎng)了还最。)
You put me to
shame. (你比我好的意思)
put sb. totrouble???? 給某人帶來(lái)麻煩
★hitchhike v. 搭便車旅行hitchhiker
n. 搭便車的人
hitchhike = take alift? 搭便車
★meantime??? ?n.其間
in the meantime =meanwhile?? 與此同時(shí)
★evade ① vt.(巧妙地)逃脫，躲開
She evaded a blow
from the man and then called out for help.② vt. 回避毡惜，逃避(尤指不當(dāng)?shù)?
evade doingsth.???? 逃避做……
avoid?????? v.逃避拓轻，逃離，避免
avoid 指通過一種合理的经伙，正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄蝸?lái)避免做某事扶叉；evade 指通過欺騙的手段來(lái)避免做某事。
tax avoidance??? 避稅tax evasion?? 逃稅
【課文講解】
1Children who playtruant from school are unimaginative.play truant from school = play truant????
2帕膜、A quietday's fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and overagain, is usually as far as they get.
動(dòng)詞ing前面如果出現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)枣氧，若是名詞，則采用名詞所有格或名詞短語(yǔ)本身垮刹。 eight hours' seeing the film 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)达吞，一律作單數(shù)看。
Three hours in the
room荒典，It is tiring.
Three hours(')listening to the teacher is tiring.
Three hours in theroom listening to the teacher is tiring.
Events such as theMarch 5th shooting at a high school in San Diego bring the problem into focus.
比如三月五日圣地亞哥一所高中學(xué)校發(fā)生的槍擊事件問題成為焦點(diǎn)酪劫。
over and over again= again and again? 一次又一次，一再地寺董，反復(fù)許多次地
as far as +從句 最大程度……覆糟，到……程度，就……而言As far asI know, his operations successful.
3遮咖、They haveall been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600miles.
while 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句滩字，一般放在前面或后面，放在中間就加上逗號(hào)。while doing 省略句麦箍，省略了主語(yǔ)和be 動(dòng)詞漓藕，這個(gè)主語(yǔ)一定就是主句的主語(yǔ)。
put…to shame???? 使……蒙羞内列，使……相形見絀
? What he has done put his parents to shame.
? He saved the child at the risk of his ownlife and put all those who looked on to shame.他冒著生命危險(xiǎn)救了那個(gè)孩子撵术，使所有旁觀者都相形見絀。
4话瞧、Hehitchhiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere tosleep.
hitchhike to… 搭便車去……
Dover????? n.多佛(英國(guó)著名的港口)
towards evening?快到晚上
somewhere tosleep? 可以睡覺的地方
5嫩与、When he wokeup next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled toCalais.
wake up? 自己醒來(lái)Calais???n.加來(lái)(法國(guó)城市)
in themeantime??? 在此期間
?6、No one noticed the boy as he crept off.
creep off = creepaway
★creep
① vi. 爬行交排，匍匐划滋，(像爬行似地)慢慢前進(jìn)
The old car creptalong the country road.
② vi. 悄悄地/躡手躡腳地走；漸漸產(chǎn)生/出現(xiàn)
We crept upstairsso as not to wake Grandpa.
He noticed that agehad crept on him.
7埃篓、The next carthe boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would,but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.
take … into 帶到…not…but…? 不是……而是……
as sb. hoped????? 正如某人所希望的
than sb.expected????? 比某人所期待的還……
Don't ask what thecountry do for you, but ask what you do for the country.
the French-Spanishborder??? 法國(guó)與西班牙的邊界 (邊界地帶屬于哪個(gè)地方由第一個(gè)國(guó)籍確定)
8处坪、There he waspicked up by a policeman and sent back to England by the local authorities.
pick up??? 逮捕，拘捕
? After the accident, he was picked up by thepolice.
【Letter Writing】
每封信包含有三個(gè)主要部分：引言架专、目的和結(jié)束語(yǔ)同窘。其中最重要的部分是目的。在這部分中必須說明為什么要寫此信部脚。
【Summary writing 】
5 Fares haveincreased. The railway company is still losing money. The employees havedemanded higher wages. (In spite of the fact that . because)
7 I made sure. Thealarm clock worked. I set it. It would ring at six o'clock. (Aftermaking…that…so that)
5. In spite of thefact that fares have increased, the railway company is still losing moneybecause the employees have demanded higher wages.
fare n. 費(fèi)用 in spite
of 盡管lose money??虧損
7. After making surethat the alarm clock worked, I set it so that it would
alarm clock?? 鬧鐘set the clock???? 定鬧鐘
be sure of +n. 想邦；be sure to
do sth. ；be sure that
【Key structures】
簡(jiǎn)單句委刘、并列句和復(fù)合句
簡(jiǎn)單句是英語(yǔ)中最小的句子單位丧没，一般有一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞，它有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)锡移，但可以用連詞and將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞合并為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句呕童。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞后所使用的不同成分，簡(jiǎn)單句可有5種基本句型：①主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞
②主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞 +主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
③主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞 +直接賓語(yǔ)：
④主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞 +間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
⑤主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞 +賓語(yǔ) +賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
將幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連接起來(lái)構(gòu)成并列句淆珊。在并列句中不存在單獨(dú)的主句和從屬于它的從句夺饲；各小句根據(jù)上下文的要求按邏輯次序排列，但各小句都同等重要并獨(dú)立存在套蒂。我們常常把并列句中的各小句看成是并列主句钞支。可采用下列任何一種方式構(gòu)成并列句：
①用分號(hào)We fishedall day; we didn’t catch a thing.
②用分號(hào)操刀，后面跟一個(gè)連接副詞(短語(yǔ))，如however婴洼、above all骨坑、in addition、as far as等
? We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch athing.
③用并列連詞，如and欢唾、but且警、so、yet等礁遣，前面常加逗號(hào)：
? We fished all day, but (we) didn’t catch athing.
復(fù)合句的構(gòu)成方法可以是把簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起斑芜，但復(fù)合句的各個(gè)組成部分并非同等重要(此點(diǎn)與并列句不同)，其中總有一個(gè)獨(dú)立小句(或稱“主句”)和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從屬小句(或稱“從句”)祟霍；主句往往可以獨(dú)立存在杏头。復(fù)合句的構(gòu)成方法：
①用連詞將從句與主句連接起來(lái)：If you’re not good at figures, it is pointless to apply for job in a
bank.如果你不擅于計(jì)算，向銀行求職就毫無(wú)意義沸呐。
②用動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞結(jié)構(gòu)醇王。它們是非限定性動(dòng)詞，是短語(yǔ)而不是從句崭添，但它們構(gòu)成復(fù)合句(而非簡(jiǎn)單句)的一部分寓娩。? 之所以如此是因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢杂脧木涞男问奖憩F(xiàn)出來(lái)。To get into a university you have to pass a number of examinations.
從句分為：名詞性從句呼渣；關(guān)系/形容詞從句棘伴；副詞從句Holiday resorts which are very crowded are not very pleasant.那些擁擠的度假場(chǎng)所令人感到不愉快Howerver hard I try, I can’t remember people’s names.
【Multiple choice questions】
10 They have beenput to shame by a boy . They should feel ___a___.
(a) ashamed??? (b) shy (c) shyness (d) shameful .
shyness n. 害羞shy? adj.害羞(指人的一種性格) shame? v.羞愧(跟人遇到某件事情當(dāng)時(shí)的感覺有關(guān)系)shameful?? adj.令人羞愧 ；ashamed? adj.感到羞愧
?
Lesson 74???out of the limelight
【課文講解】
1屁置、Out of thelimelight
limelight原義為舞臺(tái)照明用的“石灰光”焊夸，引申為“眾人注目的中心”，這里的 limelight 是指舞臺(tái)缰犁。She has been in thelimelight since she became an actress.
? Although he is a government official, hetries to keep out of the limelight.
2淳地、An ancientbus stopped by a dry river bed and a party of famous actors and actresses got off.
river bed指河床，名詞river作形容詞用帅容，類似的還有flower bed(花壇)
party作量詞用時(shí)表示“一行颇象，一伙，一群”等并徘，如a party of tourists/boys(一群旅游者/男孩)等遣钳。
3、Why don't wecome more often?
“Why +don’t/doesn’t
+主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞麦乞？”結(jié)構(gòu)可用來(lái)提出建議：Whydon’t you change a watch?
4蕴茴、'Now you getout of here, all of you!' he shouted.
get out ofhere????? 從這里走開，滾出去姐直，滾開
get fuck out ofhere???? 給我從這滾出去
5倦淀、'I'm sheriffhere. Do you see that notice? It says "No Camping" -- in case youcan't read!'
I'm sheriff here.
(sheriff 是一種官銜，官銜前面不加冠詞)He is president. 總統(tǒng)(官銜)Who is monitor?誰(shuí)是班長(zhǎng)(官銜) I am a teacher. teacher 不是官銜声畏，加不定冠詞
in case +從句???? 假使撞叽，萬(wàn)一……的話姻成，免得，以防萬(wàn)一(常用于引導(dǎo)條件或目的狀語(yǔ)從句愿棋，當(dāng)句子表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間時(shí)科展，in case后面必須用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或should/might)
In case hecomes/should come, give him this letter.
6、'don't betoo hard on us. I'm Rockwall Slinger and this is Merlin Greeves.'
be hard on…???? 對(duì)……(過分)嚴(yán)厲
【Special Difficulties】
與get有關(guān)的一些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
get out??? ① (使)出去/出來(lái)(反義詞為get into)
Why don’t you getthe dog out?
②走開糠雨，滾開(常用于祈使句)
Now you get out ofhere fast!
get into 進(jìn)來(lái)I can’t getinto the house.
get on①前進(jìn)才睹，進(jìn)展(與get along同義)
? He is getting on quite well in his new job.
? ②繼續(xù)干；相處融洽(常與with連用)
? Tom talked with his brother for a while, andthen got on with his homework.
? He’s so difficult. I can’t get on withhim.??? 他這個(gè)人這么別扭甘邀，我無(wú)法和他相處琅攘。
get…off???? 脫下，除去/取下Whenhe got the lid off the box, he saw a man lying in it.
get off???? 沒受重傷/重罰而逃脫(常與with連用)
? Tom was punished, but Jim go off lightly.
? get over???①恢復(fù)過來(lái)鹃答，痊愈
? Has your mother got over her illness?
? ②解決/結(jié)束(某件不愉快但必要做的事)(常與with連用)Theywanted to get the job over as quickly as possible.
get though ①通過(考試乎澄、測(cè)驗(yàn)等)
? Have you got through your driving test lastweek?
? ②吃掉，喝完测摔，用光
? Fancy Helen getting through all the food!
用于公共標(biāo)語(yǔ)的no
公共標(biāo)語(yǔ)通常字?jǐn)?shù)很少置济，語(yǔ)言精練。在表示“禁止……”時(shí)往往用no+名詞/動(dòng)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)锋八，如No Camping(禁止野營(yíng))浙于，No Smoking(禁止吸煙)，No Parking(禁止停車)挟纱，No
Left Turn(禁止左轉(zhuǎn)彎)羞酗。在真正的公告牌上，這些標(biāo)語(yǔ)往往全部用大寫字母紊服，不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)檀轨，如NO SMOKING等。
?On public notices we write No Camping insteadof Do not camp.在公告牌上我們不用Do not camp欺嗤，而用No Camping参萄。
【Multiple choice questions】
5 Why don't we comemore often? We____ come more often.
(a) could??(b) would??(c) might? (d)should
why not do 表示一種建議
Why don't you gowith me? = Why not go with me?
建議句型：
①youmust/should?? 你必須/你應(yīng)該(最好不要用)
②why don't we/whynot
③let's do May Ihave your name?
Why not close thedoor? /Would you mind closing the door? /Let's go shopping
7 __a__ you look atthe notice, you'll see it says ‘ No Camping ’ . (a) If??? (b) Providing that (c)Whether?(d)In the situation
providing that (過時(shí)，不用) = if
=provided that(仍然在使用)?后面加從句煎饼。
?
Lesson 75??? SOS
【New words and expressions】(6)
★survivor???? n.幸存者(指人)
survival? n.幸存的東西 survive v. 生存讹挎；存活下來(lái)
I survived afterthe fire.???? (存活下來(lái))
survive + sth.(災(zāi)難)?? 經(jīng)過某種災(zāi)難還存在，還活著Isurvived the fire.
★scene? ① n.(事件發(fā)生的)地點(diǎn)吆玖，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)
A helicopter soon
arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors.一架直升飛機(jī)很快飛抵現(xiàn)場(chǎng)搭救幸存者筒溃。
These things werefound at the scene of the murder.
② n. 風(fēng)景，景色沾乘；景象
A beautiful scenealways makes me delighted.
【課文講解】
1怜奖、When a lightpassenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains andits pilot was killed.??off course??? 脫離軌道
? fly off course???? 飛行偏離航線
? During the storm, the ship went off course.
kill? v.殺(僅表示死了，不一定是人為的殺死,有可能是火災(zāi)等) Fire in Tokyo. Five people killed.
Ten persons injured.(受傷)
murder??? v.謀殺(故意殺死)
2翅阵、It was themiddle of winter.
middle of winter 隆冬middle ofsummer?? 盛夏
3烦周、Snow laythick on the ground.
lay 是系動(dòng)詞,thick是形容詞作表語(yǔ)尽爆，表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)怎顾。The old man lies ill and neglected in bed.
4读慎、The womanknew that the nearest village was miles away.?miles away?幾英里之外(距離的表達(dá)方式)
5、The womankept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the caseherself, but it was too small.
as…as sb.
can/could= as…as possible 盡可能的……
near to = close to
6槐雾、Early nextmorning, she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send asignal.
hear sb. doingsth.??? 聽見某人正在做某事
overhead? adv.從頭頂wonder = want to know
7夭委、Then she hadan idea. She stamped out the letters 'SOS' in the snow.
stamp out 踩出out為副詞，表示“出現(xiàn)募强，顯露”等
He wrote out a long
list of all the foods which were forbidden.SOS = Save Our Souls 國(guó)際通用呼救信號(hào)
in the snow???? 在雪地上
8株灸、Fortunately,a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town.
by radio???? 通過廣播
9、It was notlong before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of theplane crash.
long before = longlong ago???? 很久以前
It was not long
before + 從句? 不久就……(指過去)
? It was not long before he went abroad.
It was not longbefore I finished my homework.
It will not be long
before…不久就(將來(lái)可能發(fā)生的事)It will not be long before he getsover his illness.
before long????不久以后(一般將來(lái)時(shí),從現(xiàn)在算不久以后會(huì)怎么樣)Before long, he will go abroad.
Shortly before …之前不久shortlyafter?? 之后立即
on the scene????? 在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)(固定短語(yǔ))
【Special Difficulties】
可以表示“變成”的一些動(dòng)詞
grow擎值，turn慌烧，go，get鸠儿，com屹蚊，fall等動(dòng)詞均有“變成”的意思，但它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ嫌袝r(shí)有差別进每。
grow表示“(逐漸)變得”汹粤，比get要正式些：
? He has grown to like studying mathematics.
grow = get slowly慢慢變得
turn表示“把(狀態(tài)、性質(zhì))改變(成)……”或“使變顏色”等Leaves will turn yellow in autumn.
? A colony of bees had turned the engine into ahive.
go表示“變成(某種狀態(tài))”田晚，通常表示不好的變化：
The milk went sour.
get在口語(yǔ)中使用較多嘱兼，表示“成為(某種狀態(tài))”，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是變化的過程(一下子變得)贤徒。天氣變化芹壕，一般用get，get
cold(變冷)
come可表示“變成接奈，成為踢涌，達(dá)到”等，與true連用時(shí)表示“實(shí)現(xiàn)” Her dream to swim across the channel has come true. come +true/right/loose
The dream comestrue.??? 夢(mèng)想成真鲫趁。
Take it easy.Everything will come right.
come loose???? 變松動(dòng)
fall可表示“變成……的狀態(tài)”
fall +asleep/ill????? 墜落夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)/病倒了
【Multiple choice questions】
9 It got terriblycold. The cold was __d__.
(a) frightening?(b) horrifying?(c) shocking?(d) frightful
frightful =terrible
frightening? adj.讓人產(chǎn)生嚇了一跳的感覺
horrifying?? adj.令人恐懼的
shocking???? adj.令人震驚的(壞事)
〖語(yǔ)法精粹〗
1. Did you find out___ the pie out of oven?
A. to take?B. have taken?C.when to take?D. being taken
2. You would beirritated if you watched the mail __D_ on your desk every day.
A. putting up? B to be put up?C. to pile up?D. pile up
see sb. do/doingsth. put up = set up??? 搭建
pile up???? 堆起來(lái)
3. We shall set Jim_C__ the passage.
A. explaining? B. explained?? C.to explain?D. explain
set sb. to dosth.???? 派某人做某事
set sb. doing =cause?????? 導(dǎo)致……
4. In fact, she wouldrather leave for San Francisco __B_ in Los Angeles.?
A. to stay?B. than stay?C than staying?D. than have stayed
would ratherdo…than do /prefer…to…
prefer to do…ratherthan do…
5. Madame Curie isbelieved __D_ the radium.
A. discovering???? B. having discovered
C. to havediscovered? ?D. to discover
be believed to dosth.?? 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)是固定用法
5. Of all theeconomically important plants, palms have been __A_.?A. the least studied???B. study the least
C.study less and less?? ?D. to study the less
of + 范圍 斯嚎，of all 是最高級(jí)的標(biāo)志
6. During aneclipse of the sun, __A_ in the shadow of the Moon. A. the Earth lies?? ??B.the Earth when lying
C. that the Earthlies??D. the lying Earth
7. The photoperiodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, _B__.
A. the light is noton????????? B. and not on light
C. but is not onthe light???? D. is not on light
A 選項(xiàng)引入了新的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
D 選項(xiàng)同樣是沒有連詞卻引入了新的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞挨厚。
be on??? 上演堡僻；燈的點(diǎn)燃The light is on.
8. The wallflower_C__ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along strong cliffs forsupport.
A. so called is?B. so is called?C. is so called?D. called is so
so called??? 所謂的
9. Because of itsimportance in modern living, _A__ in all parts of the world.
A. algebra isstudied in schools and colleges
B. studying algebrain schools and colleges
C. and the study ofalgebra in schools and colleges
D. in schools andcolleges are algebra studies
原句缺主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。
10. Sociologistshave long recognized that social tension __D_. A. elements from group living
B. elements of anormal group life
C. living are agroup of elements
D. are normalelements of group life
不定式：是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞疫剃，時(shí)間上表示將要
①做主語(yǔ)It isimportant to do sth.
②做賓語(yǔ)want todo
③做賓補(bǔ)allow/expect sb. to do sth.
④做定語(yǔ)(放在被修飾詞之后) anything to do
⑤做狀語(yǔ)：目的狀語(yǔ)
⑥做表語(yǔ)
?
Lesson 76??? April Fools' Day
【課文講解】
1钉疫、we're goingover to the macaroni fields of Calabria.
go over???? 往……走過去
?2、Here you can see two workers who, betweenthem, have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brown macaronistalks.
between作介詞時(shí)含義之一是“作為……共同努力的結(jié)果巢价，協(xié)力”：Betweenthem they killed the snake.
?3牲阁、The whole village has been working day andnight gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains.
rain????? n.雨水固阁；雨季，季節(jié)性的雨(常用復(fù)數(shù))
? the September rains???? 9月雨季
We haven’t had muchrain this year.
??【Special Difficulties】
Usual and Usually
usual??? adj.通常的城菊，平常的备燃，慣常的
?? I parked the car at the usual place.
usually???? adv.平常，通常
? Between and Among
between??? prep.在(兩者)之間
? I picked up the receiver between two stickyfinger.
當(dāng)表示兩兩之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)凌唬，between可用于3個(gè)(或3個(gè)以上)的名詞前：Thevillage lies between a river, a mountain and a road.
among?? prep.在……中間并齐，被……環(huán)繞(指三者以上) The church lies among mountains.
Manager，Director andHeadmaster
manager???? n.經(jīng)理
director??? n.主任客税，董事.
headmaster???? n.(中學(xué))校長(zhǎng)
?
Lesson77??? Asuccessful operation
【New words and expressions】(14)
★last???? vi.持續(xù)况褪，延續(xù)(常跟一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的名詞或短語(yǔ)冷守，沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
last直接加時(shí)間或加for+時(shí)間
The meeting lasts(for) three hours.
★prove?? ① vi. 顯示涣狗，表明
prove +adj. Itproves difficult to do the job by herself.
prove +to be +adj.?? It proves to be difficult.
② vt. 證明妹沙，證實(shí)(后面可跟從句杭隙、形容詞映穗、名詞拇厢、不定式等) I will prove it to you.我將會(huì)證明給你看
We’re been tryingto sell our house, but it’s proved to be very difficult.
【課文講解】
1帆竹、The mummy ofan Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
B.C. = BeforeChrist???? 公元前病涨，放在年代的后面熬北。
A.D.????? 公元疙描，放在年代的前面,常常可以省略讶隐。
2起胰、The mummy isthat of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes.
that指代上文當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)的名詞the
mummy。在指代特指事物時(shí)巫延，尤其是在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中效五，常用that和those指代提到的事物：
The cost of livinghere is lower than that in London.
that of和those of一般用于較正式的文體中：
It's colder than
Guangzhou. × (北京、廣州是地點(diǎn)炉峰，只有大小之分畏妖，本身沒有冷和熱)
The weather ofBeijing is colder than Guangzhou. ×
The weather of
Beijing is colder than the weather of Guangzhou. = The weather of Beijing is
colder than that of Guangzhou. ∨
The texts of BookTwo are more difficult than those of Book One.
Temple ofThebes???? 底比斯神廟
3、As therewere strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have beentrying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
take plates ofsth.???? 給……拍片子
take plate??? 拍片子疼阔，take photo??? 拍照片
4戒劫、As therewere strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have beentrying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
find out + 從句
die 是瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能和段時(shí)間連用婆廊。要和段時(shí)間連用迅细，就必須變成系表結(jié)構(gòu)be dead。die不能用be
doing形式淘邻。若用了be doing茵典，表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
die in theaccident???? 死于車禍
die of + 內(nèi)因??? 死于……
die of hunger?die of grief???? 死于悲哀
die from + 外因????? 死于……
die from wound?? (槍傷)
在日常生活表達(dá)當(dāng)中宾舅，die
of和die from可以互換统阿。
5 The doctors have
not yet decided how the woman died. what 對(duì)名詞提問彩倚，how對(duì)副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)提問。 how在這里是對(duì)of sth.提問的扶平。要想用what提問帆离，died后面加of。
decide v. 做出最終的判斷蜻直，對(duì).下判決盯质，解決(懸案)
? 7、They feared that the mummy would fall topieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened.
fear? v.害怕(長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的) cutopen???? 切開
fall to pieces =goto pieces??? 碎成碎片概而，散掉
? During the storm, the old house fell topieces.
? 【Special
Difficulties】
B.C. and A.D.
B.C. = BeforeChrist???? 公元前(位于年代之后)
? The Romans invaded England in 55 B.C.
A.D. = anno Domini(=inthe yeare of the Lord=since Christ was born)???公元前(位于年代之前)
?Skin，Leather and Complexion
skin???? n.人體的皮膚囱修；指某人是什么顏色的皮膚(可與complexion互換)We are wet to the skin.
? He has a dark skin/complexion.
leather?? n.皮革This sofa is made from real leather.
complexion????? n.膚色
?Wax and Candle
wax?? n.蠟(不可數(shù))candle? n.蠟燭(可數(shù)名詞)
