1. INO80 Correlates With Heart Development and HF
為了探究INO80 complex在心臟中的作用吴汪,作者首先檢測(cè)了它在心臟成熟過(guò)程中的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示心臟中INO80的表達(dá)在出生后持續(xù)增加(a-c)盖淡。而且Ino80在心肌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)顯著高于非心肌,提示其在心臟成熟過(guò)程中可能發(fā)揮著作用(d)。為了探究INO80和心衰的關(guān)系刃泌,作者在TAC小鼠模型中檢測(cè)了Ino80的表達(dá)昧穿,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在顯著上調(diào)勺远。而且主要是在衰竭心臟的心肌細(xì)胞表達(dá)(e-i)。在心衰患者心臟中也存在著一致的效應(yīng)(j-n)时鸵。
Collectively, these findings suggest that the INO80 complex may play a role in dictating cardiomyocyte fate in normal development and HF.
2. Ectopic Expression of Ino80 in Cardiomyocytes Leads to HF With Reduced Ejection Fraction
隨后作者構(gòu)建了tamoxifen誘導(dǎo)的心肌特異性Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)小鼠(a-c)胶逢。Ino80-OE小鼠的存活率顯著下降,在d20時(shí),存活率僅為13%(d)初坠。超聲結(jié)果顯示Ino80-OE小鼠存在快速的EF值下降和簸,在D4下降了48%,而在D6時(shí)EF僅為21%(e)碟刺。小鼠的心重體重比也顯著增加(f)比搭。HE結(jié)果顯示Ino80-OE小鼠心臟大小顯著增加(g),WGA染色顯示細(xì)胞大小顯著增大(h-i)南誊。此外身诺,Ino80的過(guò)表達(dá)使得心肌細(xì)胞高表達(dá)了多種心臟肥大和HF基因,包括Nppa, Nppb, Myh7, Tnni1, Mki67, 和 Aurkb抄囚。
Together, these results suggest a rapid induction of HF by Ino80 overexpression, possibly by promoting uncontrolled cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
3. Ino80 Overexpression in Cardiomyocytes Recapitulates Molecular Features in HF
隨后作者在Ino80誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)后的D0, D2, D4 和 D6 進(jìn)行了RNAseq霉赡。結(jié)果顯示隨著時(shí)間進(jìn)展,心臟的轉(zhuǎn)錄越來(lái)越偏離正常心臟幔托。隨后作者對(duì)DEG進(jìn)行了聚類分析穴亏,以觀測(cè)INO80-induced HF的基因表達(dá)模式,結(jié)果顯示存在4個(gè)模塊(a)重挑。C1的基因一直到四天都在上升嗓化,隨后下降,主要與DNA replication 和 cell cycle progression相關(guān)谬哀。C2的基因沿著時(shí)間表達(dá)逐漸下降刺覆,其功能主要與cardiac energy production相關(guān)。C3的基因在d2達(dá)到峰值史煎,隨后下降谦屑,主要與muscle contraction等相關(guān),可能屬于心臟早期代償反應(yīng)篇梭。C4的基因則隨著時(shí)間表達(dá)增加氢橙,其功能主要與纖維化和炎癥相關(guān)(b, c)。Energy collapse 和炎癥的發(fā)生以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)隨時(shí)間的沉積非常顯著(d)恬偷。在電鏡下悍手,D2時(shí)心肌細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了存在線粒體腫脹、線粒體嵴斷裂袍患、線粒體自噬坦康。而在D4,大多數(shù)心肌細(xì)胞都出現(xiàn)了嵴受損和基質(zhì)腫脹(e)协怒。These observations also implied an initial adaptive response to engulf damaged mitochondria, which finally yielded to persistent injury. 此外涝焙,CD68+巨噬細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)卑笨、心臟纖維化和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)沉積都增加(3f, g, supS3F-3H)孕暇。
Taken together, these cellular and molecular data indicate that Ino80 overexpression induced an HF phenotype in mice.
為了探究Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)引起的疾病表型與HF的相似度,作者使用了HF患者心臟RNAseq數(shù)據(jù)的DEG,Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)的心肌和cardiomyocytes in other contexts妖滔,進(jìn)行了皮爾森聚類隧哮。結(jié)果顯示Ino80-OE與HCM聚在一起(h)。此外座舍,D6 Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)的心肌的高表達(dá)基因與HCM-HF顯著富集沮翔,下調(diào)基因則呈相反的富集。
Together, these observations provide strong evidence that ectopic expression of Ino80 in cardiomyocytes leads to hypertrophy-induced HF.
4. Ectopic Expression of Ino80 Leads to Remodeling of Transcription Regulatory Networks Important for Cardiac Function
在INO80調(diào)節(jié)的眾多基因中曲秉,作者想要去尋找哪些基因在Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)時(shí)更快的發(fā)生了變化并探究其是否形成了調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)以更好的調(diào)節(jié)生物學(xué)過(guò)程采蚀。
因此作者對(duì)誘導(dǎo)Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)后days 0, 1, 2, 3的小鼠心臟心肌細(xì)胞進(jìn)行了單細(xì)胞測(cè)序(a)代芜,一共得到了3364個(gè)細(xì)胞瓶摆,基因中位數(shù)為3523(b)。Ino80在誘導(dǎo)后表達(dá)顯著升高(c)俱笛。使用HF index references
(generated from either human or mouse data)亥鸠,作者計(jì)算了其與各個(gè)心肌細(xì)胞Ino80表達(dá)的相關(guān)性妆够,發(fā)現(xiàn)呈顯著正相關(guān)(d)。隨后作者進(jìn)行了擬時(shí)序分析负蚊。結(jié)果顯示D1和D2的心肌沿著時(shí)間軸排列而D3心肌則排列在末尾神妹,提示其處于established state(Fig S5E, F)。為了探究Ino80高表達(dá)下反應(yīng)最迅速的基因家妆,作者對(duì)D0, D1心肌進(jìn)行了擬時(shí)序分析(e, f)鸵荠。D1心肌的Ino80呈差異性表達(dá)(f)。隨后伤极,作者根據(jù)Ino80的表達(dá)將細(xì)胞進(jìn)行排序腰鬼,得到了3個(gè)D0和D1的DEG基因表達(dá)模式(g)。C1主要與線粒體代謝和肌纖維裝配有關(guān)塑荒,這些基因的表達(dá)與Ino80的表達(dá)負(fù)相關(guān)(g,h)熄赡。C2的基因主要參與應(yīng)對(duì)外界刺激反應(yīng),并參與血管生成和炎癥齿税。C3的基因主要與肌肉發(fā)育和適應(yīng)有關(guān)彼硫,且主要在Ino80接近表達(dá)峰值時(shí)表達(dá),提示分子和細(xì)胞水平HF的建立(g,h)凌箕。These apparent patterns of gene expression changes led us to hypothesize that INO80 may control the expression of a set of regulatory factors important for cardiac function, thereby amplifying its impacts on cardiac function through the downstream tar- gets of these factors.
為了驗(yàn)證前面的假設(shè)拧篮,作者計(jì)算了Ino80表達(dá)增加下的regulons活性,Regulon同樣存在3個(gè)模塊(i)牵舱。Mef2 family- regulated modules串绩,如Ezh2和Foxn3模塊,與Ino80表達(dá)負(fù)相關(guān)芜壁。此前有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道過(guò)礁凡,Mef2 family TFs (Mef2a-d)在心臟發(fā)育和疾病中起到重要作用高氮,如促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞的存活。這些結(jié)果提示異常增加的Ino80表達(dá)引起了Mef2-centric 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的失活顷牌,引起心肌細(xì)胞死亡剪芍。此外,AP-1家族分子Jun 和 Junb, Klf4, Cebpb, Myc, Runx3, Egr1, Maf 和 Rela, 則與C2模塊類似窟蓝。此前有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道過(guò)Jun家族的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與心臟失代償有關(guān)罪裹。在最后一個(gè)模塊中,一些與新功能失代償?shù)膔egulons 包括Foxo1, Jund 和 Sox5运挫,隨著Ino80的高表達(dá)顯著激活(i)状共。同樣的,大多數(shù)調(diào)控模塊中的下游靶基因都和它們上游的regulons一樣存在著類似的與Ino80表達(dá)的相關(guān)性 (j)谁帕。UMAP圖上的The centered positions of the regulatory modules, calculated on the basis of their activities in each cell, 同樣存在類似的趨勢(shì)(k)口芍。值得注意的是,許多regulon的功能雇卷,尤其是 Mef2 家族鬓椭,其活性在 Ino80 過(guò)表達(dá)時(shí)降低,且其功能主要與肌肉細(xì)胞發(fā)育和肌節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)关划,而那些與 Ino80 表達(dá)水平正相關(guān)的regulon更強(qiáng)的富集到細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生和炎癥反應(yīng)(l)小染。
Taken together, these results suggest that increased Ino80 expression leads to remodeling of transcription regulatory networks to disrupt normal cardiac function and to raise global inflammation level.
5. Alteration of INO80 Occupancy on Target Genes Underlies Remodeling of Transcriptional Regulatory Networks
接著,作者分離了對(duì)照和Ino80-OE心臟的心肌細(xì)胞贮折,進(jìn)行了ChIP-seq檢測(cè)來(lái)確定INO80的直接下游靶點(diǎn)裤翩。盡管約24%的peaks位于promoter區(qū),大多數(shù)的INO80 peaks位于內(nèi)含子區(qū) (42.19% in control, 43.24% in Ino80 OE)和基因間區(qū) (23.05% in control, 22.07% in Ino80 OE)调榄。作者聯(lián)合了Sham和TAC組小鼠心臟的Chip數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析踊赠。結(jié)果顯示Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)組和TAC鼠共有204和730個(gè)基因顯示出INO80 occupancy的增強(qiáng)或下降(a, b)。增強(qiáng)或下降的兩個(gè)基因集都富集到了與心臟發(fā)育和病理過(guò)程的基因集每庆,提示 INO80對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞的命運(yùn)和功能有著 overarching control (c, d)筐带。此外,增強(qiáng)的204個(gè)基因與人HF顯著富集缤灵,而下降的730個(gè)基因與人Normal樣本更顯著富集伦籍,提示INO80的作用具有物種保守性(e, f)。更進(jìn)一步腮出,作者將TFs with altered INO80 occupancy 和前面第四部分中Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)后活性發(fā)生變化的123個(gè)regulons取了交集帖鸦,得到79個(gè)TF。提示 INO80 直接調(diào)節(jié) a core set of 79 regulators, 包括 Mef2a, Mef2c, Gata4, Pbx1, Klf4, Atf3, etc, 這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可能組成了心臟功能調(diào)節(jié)的核心調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò) (g)胚嘲。這79個(gè)TF也顯著富集到了心臟功能相關(guān)通路作儿,如肌組織發(fā)育和心臟生長(zhǎng)(h)。交集也得到了2623個(gè)下游靶基因馋劈,這些靶基因也富集到了心臟功能相關(guān)通路(i, j)攻锰。隨后作者將OE的ChIP晾嘶,TAC的ChIP和單細(xì)胞數(shù)據(jù)三者取了交集,得到26個(gè)結(jié)合增加的TF口注,作者用ChIP-qPCR進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證(k-m)。
6. Ino80 Overexpression Reshapes Chromatin Accessibility to Remodel Transcriptional Regulatory Networks
INO80 occupancy 的顯著變化使得作者想要去探究染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)君珠。因此作者又做了ATAC-seq寝志。分組依然是Ctrl和Ino80-OE (a)(參考:ATACseq和ChIPseq)。作者鑒定出了3種染色質(zhì)可以性變化pattern策添。未變化的有7271基因材部,占57.3%。上調(diào)的有504基因唯竹,占4%乐导,下調(diào)的有4916基因,占38.7% (a)浸颓。上調(diào)和下調(diào)的基因都富集到了細(xì)胞成熟等物臂、穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)等通路(b)。隨后作者將Chip-seq的數(shù)據(jù)與ATAC-seq的數(shù)據(jù)取了交集产上,探究INO80對(duì)染色質(zhì)可及性的直接影響棵磷。與預(yù)期一致,在Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)下顯示存在增強(qiáng)的INO80 occupancy的基因晋涣,其染色質(zhì)可及性增強(qiáng)仪媒,反之亦然(c-e)。與此一致谢鹊,INO80結(jié)合下降的regulators在Ino80過(guò)表達(dá)下顯示出下降的Ino80可及性算吩,反之亦然(f)。Representative ChIP followed by high-throughput sequencing, ATAC-seq, and RNA- seq genomic tracks of some of these genes, including Sox17, Mef2c, Nppb, and Irf2, demonstrated the con- cordance among INO80 binding, chromatin accessibil- ity, and gene expression(g)佃扼。
Together, these findings suggest that perturbation of genome-wide INO80 binding reshapes the chromatin accessibility landscape to reinstruct transcription of genes for cardiac function.
7. MEF2A Facilitates Recruitment of the INO80 Complex to Downstream Target Genes
接著偎巢,作者整合了ChIP,ATAC和單細(xì)胞的數(shù)據(jù)兼耀,取交集得到47個(gè)上調(diào)的T/regulon和其下游的870個(gè)靶基因 (a, b)艘狭。其功能與心臟功能顯著相關(guān)(c)。隨后作者使用了ATAC的數(shù)據(jù)以探究870個(gè)靶基因的common DNA binding motif翠订,得到了存在于47個(gè)TF中的10個(gè)TF (d)巢音。由于這10個(gè)TF受INO80調(diào)控,作者假設(shè)這些關(guān)鍵TFs不僅是INO80的下有靶點(diǎn)尽超,而且可以作為INO80的DNA-bound partner從而形成一個(gè)調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)以影響INO80的基因表達(dá)官撼。由于Mef2a的表達(dá)顯著下降(e),作者以MEF2A為例來(lái)驗(yàn)證這個(gè)假設(shè)似谁。與這個(gè)模型一致傲绣,the signal intensity of INO80 occupancy on genes with predicted MEF2A binding motifs was significantly higher than those without (f, g)掠哥。為了驗(yàn)證MEF2A在INO80 binding中的作用,作者使用了慢病毒shRNA并觀測(cè)到了顯著下降的INO80在靶基因上的occupancy(h, i)秃诵。因此, Mef2a 不僅是INO80過(guò)表達(dá)而表達(dá)抑制的靶基因续搀,其同樣介導(dǎo)了INO80對(duì)吧基因的調(diào)控,這些結(jié)果支持了這樣的模型:INO80 coordinates a core set of effector TFs, including Mef2a, to form regulatory networks controlling the expression of genes that are important for cardiac function.
8. INO80 Depletion in Cardiomyocytes Retards the Progression of HF
最后菠净,作者探究了抑制INO80的表達(dá)是否可以作為HF治療的可行方法禁舷。做噢著構(gòu)建了心肌細(xì)胞特異性敲除的 Ino80-cKO 小鼠,并在TAC術(shù)后3w使用tamoxifen敲除了心肌細(xì)胞的Ino80 (a)毅往。結(jié)果顯示敲除小鼠心功能顯著改善(b-e)牵咙,心臟擴(kuò)張和纖維化都顯著改善(f-i)。心重體重比下降(j)攀唯,心衰標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)也顯著下降(k)洁桌。Together, these data imply the potential benefit of repressing INO80 to prevent a decline in cardiac function.
思考:
- 這篇文章測(cè)了好多數(shù)據(jù)啊
Fig 3: Ino80-OE Ctrl, D2, D4, D6的RNAseq
Fig 4: Ino80-OE D0, D1, D2, D3的心肌單細(xì)胞
Fig 5: Ctrl, Ino80-OE, Sham, Tac, 這四組心臟的ChIPseq
Fig 6: Ctrl, Ino80-OE的ATAC-seq
(ChIP和ATAC沒(méi)看到送的是什么時(shí)間點(diǎn)的,是心肌還是組織) 把這么多數(shù)據(jù)分析清楚理出思路真不容易啊 - 有幾個(gè)圖畫(huà)的很有意思侯嘀。比如Fig 3的A圖和B圖另凌,多組RNAseq這樣展示簡(jiǎn)單明了。還有Fig 4的G和I戒幔,這樣展示的思路很好途茫。
- 感覺(jué)自己還是數(shù)據(jù)解讀和講故事的能力差了點(diǎn)。如果是我來(lái)排Fig的話溪食,F(xiàn)ig5里我可能直接上來(lái)就排K圖了囊卜,不會(huì)放前面兩兩交集的結(jié)果。Fig6也可能整個(gè)就被我放附件去了错沃。而且已經(jīng)確定轉(zhuǎn)錄因子+有ChIP的結(jié)果的情況下栅组,我可能也想不到再去送個(gè)ATAC。