TED Talk? ? How we read each other's minds?? 我們?nèi)绾谓庾x他人的想法？? Speaker: Rebecca Saxe 第二課

So, the job of my field of cognitive neuroscience is to stand with these ideas, one in each hand.?我工作的研究領(lǐng)域是認知神經(jīng)科學(xué)，就是研究每一個人的這些想法圆米。

And to try to understand how you can put together simple units, simple messages over space and time, in a network,?然后嘗試如何能把它們歸到一起 簡單的單元技羔，簡單的信息茫打，不受到時間和空間的限制湿诊，

and get this amazing human capacity to think about minds.??具有這些就可以擁有人類思考的能力。

So I'm going to tell you three things about this today.??我下來要和大家主要談三個方面的事情屹耐。

Obviously the whole project here is huge.?很明顯，這樣的一個研究項目非常龐大椿猎。

And I'm going to tell you just our first few steps about the discovery of a special brain region for thinking about other people's thoughts.??我只談到的只是我們最初的幾個研究階段 有關(guān)于發(fā)現(xiàn) 大腦中用于思考的區(qū)域?

Some observations on the slow development of this system as we learn how to do this difficult job.?另外一些是觀察這個機制是如何慢慢發(fā)展起來惶岭，因為我們要明白如何去完成這份困難的任務(wù)。

And then finally, to show that some of the differences between people, in how we judge others, can be explained by differences in this brain system.? 最后一個是犯眠，展現(xiàn)下人與人之間的差別 我們?nèi)绾稳ソo他人下結(jié)論 通過腦系統(tǒng)可以解釋這之前的差異

So first, the first thing I want to tell you is that there is a brain region in the human brain, in your brains, whose job it is to think about other people's thoughts.?那么首先按灶，第一個和大家講述的是 在人類的大腦中有一個區(qū)域 這個區(qū)域的任務(wù)就是去思考別人是如何思考的

This is a picture of it.這里是一張關(guān)于它的圖片?

?It's called the Right Temporo-Parietal Junction. It's above and behind your right ear.我們稱它為右顳頂聯(lián)合， 它大概就在你右的后上方

And this is the brain region you used when you saw the pictures I showed you, or when you read Romeo and Juliet or when you tried to understand Alan Greenspan.? ? 這張圖片就是我們所使用的大腦區(qū)域筐咧，當(dāng)你在讀《羅密歐和朱麗葉》時鸯旁，又或當(dāng)你試著去理解格林斯潘時候就用到它。

And you don't use it for solving any other kinds of logical problems. 【跟讀】? 但你不會使用它來解決任何邏輯推理的問題

So this brain region is called the Right TPJ. 我們稱這塊腦區(qū)域為 RTPJ?

And this picture shows the average activation in a group of what we call typical human adults.?這張圖片顯示了典型成人的 RTPJ的平均水平?

They're MIT undergraduates.? 這種水平就是是麻省理工的大學(xué)生水平

【解釋】 Right Temporo-Parietal Junction

The second thing I want to say about this brain system is that although we human adults are really good at understanding other minds, we weren't always that way.??第二個我要談的是這個腦系統(tǒng)量蕊，盡管我們成人的腦系統(tǒng)铺罢，很擅長去理解他人的想法，但也不是絕對的危融。

It takes children a long time to break into the system.? ?【填空】?對于小孩而言需要很長的一段時間才能構(gòu)建這個系統(tǒng)畏铆。

I'm going to show you a little bit of that long, extended process.? ?我會給大家看下這個有點緩慢的、需要外部協(xié)助發(fā)展的過程吉殃。

The first thing I'm going to show you is a change between age three and five, as kids learn to understand that somebody else can have beliefs that are different from their own.?? 第一個演示的是3歲的孩子與5歲孩子的變化差異辞居，因為孩子要學(xué)會去理解，別人可以有完全不同于自己的想法蛋勺。

So I'm going to show you a five-year-old who is getting a standard kind of puzzle that we call the false belief task.先看下一個5歲大的孩子瓦灶，他面臨一個標準的困惑，我們把這個困惑稱為“錯誤信念任務(wù)”抱完。

Rebecca Saxe (Video): This is the first pirate. His name is Ivan. And you know what pirates really like? 視頻：這是第一個海盜贼陶，名字叫做艾凡 你知道海盜最喜歡什么嗎？

Child: What??

RS: Pirates really like cheese sandwiches. 海盜最喜歡乳酪三明治

Child: Cheese? I love cheese!? ?乳酪?我愛吃乳酪

RS: Yeah. So Ivan has this cheese sandwich, and he says, "Yum yum yum yum yum! I really love cheese sandwiches."?對的！那么艾凡有這個乳酪三明治 然后他說著“嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯! 我最愛乳酪三明治"

And Ivan puts his sandwich over here, on top of the pirate chest.?然后艾凡把他的三明治放在這里碉怔，一個海盜箱的上面?

And Ivan says, "You know what? I need a drink with my lunch."?然后艾凡又說“你知道不, 我要為午餐去弄點喝的”?

And so Ivan goes to get a drink.?然后艾凡離開去取酒

And while Ivan is away the wind comes, and it blows the sandwich down onto the grass.?當(dāng)艾凡離開的時候,一陣風(fēng)刮來烘贴，把三明治吹到了草地上。

And now, here comes the other pirate.?這時候撮胧，又來了另外一個海盜?

This pirate is called Joshua.?這個海盜叫做約書亞.

And Joshua also really loves cheese sandwiches.??當(dāng)然約書亞也一樣很喜歡乳酪三明治

So Joshua has a cheese sandwich and he says, "Yum yum yum yum yum! I love cheese sandwiches."? 約書亞也有一個乳酪三明治桨踪，然后他說 “嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯！我愛乳酪三明治”?

And he puts his cheese sandwich over here on top of the pirate chest.? 接著他把他的乳酪三明治放到了這個海盜箱的上面

Child: So, that one is his. 孩子：這個就是他的

RS: That one is Joshua's. That's right.? 麗蓓卡.薩克斯:那個是約書亞芹啥。對極了锻离！

Child: And then his went on the ground. 孩子：接著他離開這里

RS: That's exactly right.? 麗蓓卡.薩克斯:完全正確

Child: So he won't know which one is his. 孩子：那他不會知道哪個是他自己的

RS: Oh. So now Joshua goes off to get a drink. Ivan comes back and he says, "I want my cheese sandwich." So which one do you think Ivan is going to take?? ?麗蓓卡.薩克斯: 喔，那現(xiàn)在約書亞離開去喝酒了墓怀。艾凡回來汽纠，他說“我要我的乳酪三明治."那你認為艾凡將會拿走哪一個呢？

Child: I think he is going to take that one. 孩子：我認為他會拿走那一個傀履。

RS: Yeah, you think he's going to take that one? All right. Let's see. Oh yeah, you were right. He took that one. 麗蓓卡.薩克斯:耶虱朵，你認為他會拿走這個吧？對極了啤呼。我們看看 哦卧秘，你猜對了。他拿走了那個官扣。

So that's a five-year-old who clearly understands that other people can have false beliefs and what the consequences are for their actions.? ? 對于一個5歲大的孩子已經(jīng)可以清晰的理解 別人可能會有誤解 那這種行為會有什么影響呢翅敌？

【跟讀】The five-year-old understood why Ivan would mistake the sandwich as his.

Now I'm going to show you a three-year-old who got the same puzzle.? 現(xiàn)在我給你看下一個三歲大的孩子 他也碰到相同的問題

RS: And Ivan says, "I want my cheese sandwich."? Which sandwich is he going to take?視頻：麗蓓卡.薩克斯：艾凡說“我想要我的乳酪三明治” 。?他會拿哪個走呢惕蹄？

Do you think he's going to take that one??你認為他會拿走那個嗎蚯涮？

Let's see what happens. Let's see what he does.?我們看下會有什么發(fā)生 艾凡來啦。我們看看他會怎么做卖陵。

Here comes Ivan. And he says, "I want my cheese sandwich." And he takes this one.他說“我要我的乳酪三明治” 接著他拿走了這一個

Uh-oh. Why did he take that one?? ?噢遭顶。他為什么要拿那個啊泪蔫？

Child: His was on the grass. 他的掉在了草地上了

So the three-year-old does two things differently. 麗蓓卡.薩克斯：那么三歲大的孩子做了兩件不同的事情

First, he predicts Ivan will take the sandwich that's really his. 【跟讀】? ? 第一個是他認定艾凡會帶走那個真正是他的三明治

And second, when he sees Ivan taking the sandwich where he left his, where we would say he's taking that one because he thinks it's his,?第二棒旗，當(dāng)他看到艾凡從他放置的地方拿走三明治 對于我們而言會認為艾凡會拿走那一個因為艾凡認為那個是他的

the three-year-old comes up with another explanation: He's not taking his own sandwich because he doesn't want it, because now it's dirty, on the ground.??但是三歲大的孩子會有另外一種解釋 艾凡不帶走本屬于他三文治是他不想要 因為它現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)掉在地上被搞臟了

So that's why he's taking the other sandwich.??所以這是為什他拿走另外的三明治

Now of course, development doesn't end at five.當(dāng)然，智力的發(fā)展不是在5歲時候就結(jié)束了

And we can see the continuation of this process of learning to think about other people's thoughts by upping the ante and asking children now, not for an action prediction, but for a moral judgment.?? 我們可以看到隨著年齡增長撩荣，去學(xué)習(xí)理解他人想法的 是一個連續(xù)的過程 接著我問小孩子們铣揉，不是關(guān)于海盜的做法 而是對道德的判斷

So first I'm going to show you the three-year-old again.? ? 首先再給大家看下三歲大的孩子的情況

RS.: So is Ivan being mean and naughty for taking Joshua's sandwich?? ?視頻：艾凡是不是不應(yīng)該拿走約書亞的三明治呢？

Child: Yeah. 孩子：當(dāng)然

RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich?? 那艾凡拿走了約書亞的三明治會不會惹上麻煩餐曹？

Child: Yeah.? 孩子：當(dāng)然.

So it's maybe not surprising he thinks it was mean of Ivan to take Joshua's sandwich,?麗蓓卡.薩克斯：因此不奇怪當(dāng)艾凡拿走約書亞的三明治時候 他認為不應(yīng)該?

since he thinks Ivan only took Joshua's sandwich to avoid having to eat his own dirty sandwich.因為他認為艾凡拿走約書亞是為了 不想吃他那個已經(jīng)弄臟的三明治?

But now I'm going to show you the five-year-old. Remember the five-year-old completely understood why Ivan took Joshua's sandwich.? 但現(xiàn)在我給大家看下5歲的孩子的情況逛拱，還記得5歲大的孩子完全能理解艾凡為什么拿走約書亞的三明治吧.

RS: Was Ivan being mean and naughty for taking Joshua's sandwich?? 麗蓓卡.薩克斯：艾凡拿走約書亞的三明治，是不是很淘氣台猴？

Child: Um, yeah.? 恩朽合，當(dāng)然

And so, it is not until age seven that we get what looks more like an adult response.? 【填空】?同時俱两，一直到7歲大的孩子 我們看到了類似于成人的反應(yīng)。

RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich? 視頻：艾凡拿走了約書亞的三明治是否會惹麻煩安懿健宪彩？

Child: No, because the wind should get in trouble. 孩子：不會，因為是風(fēng)惹的

He says the wind should get in trouble for switching the sandwiches.? 他回答說風(fēng)會惹上麻煩 因為它調(diào)換了三明治

【選擇】-What did?Saxe learn from the experiment?? -The seven-year-old demonstrated an adult-like moral judgement.

【選擇】-Which of the statements about the three boys experiments is true?? ? -The 7-year-old had developed a sense of moral judgement simliar to an adult's.

【選擇】In the experiment, the five-year-old's moral judgment suggests that...? ?he clearly understands that other people can have false beliefs.

【跟讀】The experiment shows that the ability to understand other's thoughts develops gradually.

【跟讀】The seven-year-old has developed a sense of moral judgment similar to the adult.