吃，吃，吃低飒，停不下嘴允粤，這是一種病嗎司光？讓我們來(lái)看看該月13號(hào)發(fā)表在《Psychology Today》上的這篇文章坞淮，說不定會(huì)對(duì)您有所啟發(fā)和幫助。

A new study finds shared roots with other addictions.一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)食物上癮與其他成癮有共同的根源苍碟。

Posted August 13, 2022?|??Reviewed by Kaja Perina??

??2022年 8 月 13 日發(fā)布 |由 Kaja Perina 審核

THE BASICS??基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

What Is Addiction??什么是成癮？

Find counselling to overcome addiction尋找戒癮咨詢師

KEY POINTS關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)

Food addiction is a controversial topic.食物成癮是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的話題装获。

A new study finds food addiction, but not obesity, to be associated with a parental history of alcohol use and personal substance use.一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)食物成癮與父母的飲酒史和個(gè)人物質(zhì)使用史有關(guān)帜乞，但與肥胖無(wú)關(guān)。

Food addiction may be an addictive disorder, sharing roots with other substance use disorders, and it is something distinct from obesity.??食物成癮跟肥胖不一樣溶锭，它可能跟其他物質(zhì)使用障礙一樣是一種成癮性疾病，他們有共同的根源欺栗。

The food?addiction?concept–defined as “substance-based addiction to highly-palatable foods containing unnaturally high concentrations of refined carbohydrates and fat”–is a highly controversial one in the medical and mental health fields.食物成癮栏笆，即“對(duì)含有超出正常濃度的精制碳水化合物和脂肪的口感非常好的物質(zhì)成癮”——在醫(yī)學(xué)和心理健康領(lǐng)域是一個(gè)極具爭(zhēng)議的概念筷凤。

Many hold that it is not a valid disorder. When the fifth edition of the?Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?(DSM-V) was developed in 2013, the committee considered adding food addiction as an official diagnosis but ultimately decided not to, despite fact that there is strong evidence in animal models that overeating behavior is rooted in brain chemistry, and, in humans, that many people eat in addictive ways.????許多人認(rèn)為它不是疾病慎恒。2013 年制定第五版精神疾病診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè) (DSM-V) 時(shí)越走，委員會(huì)考慮將食物成癮作為官方診斷，但最終放棄了护锤。盡管動(dòng)物行為模式強(qiáng)烈證明暴飲暴食起源于腦部化學(xué)物質(zhì)，而且許多人也進(jìn)食成癮。

Here are some reasons people give for their skepticism followed by counter arguments from food addiction proponents:以下是食物成癮支持者和反對(duì)者分別給出的理由：

1.Food is different from drugs and?alcohol; we need it to survive and you can’t quit food like you can drugs and alcohol..食物不同于藥物和酒精；我們需要它來(lái)生存但绕，你不能像戒毒和戒酒一樣戒掉食物。

Counter argument:?Some foods, namely sugary and processed foods, have different biochemical effects from and more powerfully activate brain reward circuitry compared to other foods; we don’t need sugary and processed food to survive.反駁論點(diǎn)：一些含糖和加工食品惶看，與其他食物相比捏顺，具有不同的生化效應(yīng)，并且更有效地激活腦部獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)回路纬黎；我們不需要含糖和加工食品來(lái)生存幅骄。

2.An over-active hedonic drive is not the primary cause of overweight or obesity; metabolism,?hormones, low levels of physical activity and medications are the primary drivers.2. 新陳代謝、荷爾蒙本今、運(yùn)動(dòng)過少和藥物而不是強(qiáng)烈的享受食物造成了超重或肥胖拆座。

Counter argument:?Not all people who are overweight have food addiction. In fact, many people with food addiction are normal weight. Although food addiction can cause overweight and obesity–people with food addiction tend to have higher weights–it is a distinct entity. Only about?15-25%?of individuals with obesity meet food addiction criteria. 反駁論點(diǎn)：并非所有超重的人都對(duì)食物成癮。事實(shí)上冠息，很多食物成癮的人都體重正常挪凑。雖然食物成癮會(huì)導(dǎo)致超重和肥胖，一般而言食物成癮的人往往體重更高逛艰，但食物成癮和肥胖是兩個(gè)不同的概念躏碳。只有大約15-25% 的肥胖者符合食物成癮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

3.?[endif]A food addiction label doesn’t help anyone and might hurt. Equating food with drugs stigmatizes people who are overweight and it does not inform treatment, since we don’t yet know what works.3. 對(duì)任何人貼食物成癮標(biāo)簽不僅沒法幫助他瓮孙，而且可能會(huì)對(duì)銅造成傷害唐断。將食物與藥物等同起來(lái)是對(duì)超重者的污名化选脊，并且也不能為治療提供信息，因?yàn)槲覀冞€不知道什么對(duì)治療是有效的脸甘。

Counter argument:?Without a label, it’s hard to find treatments. How are researchers going to ask for grant funding for something that doesn’t officially exist?反駁論點(diǎn)：沒有標(biāo)簽恳啥，就很難找到治療方法。研究人員將如何為未通過官方認(rèn)可的事情申請(qǐng)贈(zèng)款丹诀？

The controversy hasn’t stopped some researchers from continuing to study the construct. For example, an active research group at Yale has developed a self-report scale for food addiction based on the DSM-V criteria for substance use disorder, and has demonstrated its validity. This scale—called the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS)—can now be used to identify people who eat addictively.??爭(zhēng)議并沒有阻止一些研究人員繼續(xù)研究這種結(jié)構(gòu)钝的。例如，耶魯大學(xué)的一個(gè)生機(jī)勃勃的研究小組根據(jù)DSM-V 物質(zhì)使用障礙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開發(fā)了一種食物成癮自我報(bào)告量表铆遭，并證明了它的有效性硝桩。這個(gè)稱為耶魯食品成癮量表(YFAS) 的量表現(xiàn)在可用于識(shí)別飲食上癮的人。

The study:研究：

The same group that developed the YFAS also recently published results from a simple yet elegant?study?to further test if the food addiction construct is valid.

開發(fā)YFAS 的同一小組最近還發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)練的研究結(jié)果枚荣，以進(jìn)一步測(cè)試食物成癮框架是否有效碗脊。

People with overweight and obesity were surveyed and asked about food addiction symptoms, substance use (alcohol use,?smoking, and?vaping, cannabis), and parental history of problematic alcohol use.超重和肥胖的人被進(jìn)行了以下調(diào)查：食物成癮癥狀、物質(zhì)使用（酒精使用橄妆、吸煙和吸電子煙衙伶、大麻）以及父母酗酒史。

In their sample of 357 adults, 24.1 percent met criteria for food addiction on the YFAS, and the mean age was 41.在357 名成年人樣本中害碾，平均年齡為41 歲的24.1% 的人符合 YFAS 的食物成癮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)矢劲。

They found that the participants who used alcohol problematically and who smoked, and vaped, had a more than two-fold higher risk of also having food addiction. These associations were still significant after correcting for age,?sex?assigned at birth, and socioeconomic status. The co-occurrence of food and substance use was unlikely to be caused by substances themselves, since smoking and alcohol differ in their impact on satiety and hunger: alcohol increases?appetite?and reduces impulse control, whereas nicotine is an appetite suppressant.Cannabis use was also associated with food addiction, but the effects were weaker and may have been driven by demographic factors.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在飲酒慌随、吸煙和吸電子煙方面有問題的被試有食物成癮的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比沒這些問題的人高出兩倍多芬沉。在扣除了年齡、出生時(shí)的性別比例和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位這些因素之后后阁猜，這種相關(guān)性還是很高丸逸。濫用食物和物質(zhì)的這種共同特點(diǎn)不太可能是由物質(zhì)本身引起的，因?yàn)槲鼰熀秃染茖?duì)飽腹感和饑餓感的影響不同：酒精會(huì)增加食欲并降低沖動(dòng)控制蹦漠，而尼古丁是一種食欲抑制劑椭员。大麻的使用也與食物成癮有關(guān)，但它的影響較弱笛园，可能是因?yàn)槿丝谝蛩卦谄鹱饔谩?/p>

People with a parental history of problematic alcohol use also had a two-fold higher risk of food addiction. These associations were still significant after correcting for demographics as well.父母有酗酒問題的人也有兩倍高的食物成癮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隘击。在校正人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)后，這些相關(guān)仍然很高研铆。

By contrast, obesity was not associated with personal problematic substance use or a parental history of problematic alcohol use.相比之下埋同，肥胖與個(gè)人物質(zhì)濫用或父母酗酒史無(wú)關(guān)。

The researchers also remarked that there was a stronger link between parental alcohol history and food addiction than there was between parental alcohol history and alcohol problems. They attributed this to the fact that people are exposed to rewarding foods early in development, giving them more of a chance to develop an addictive relationship with food than with alcohol, exposure to which occurs much later, and in a more limited fashion.

研究人員還指出棵红，食物成癮比酗酒與父母酗酒史的相關(guān)更高凶赁。他們將此歸因于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即人們?cè)诎l(fā)育早期就收到有關(guān)食物的獎(jiǎng)賞，這使他們有更多機(jī)會(huì)與食物食物上癮虱肄，而不是酒精上癮致板。因?yàn)樵谒麄兩芯凭霈F(xiàn)的時(shí)間要晚得多，方式也更有限咏窿。

That food addiction but not obesity was linked to problematic substance use and parental history of alcohol problems lends support to theories that food addiction is an addictive disorder, sharing roots with other substance use disorders, and highlights the fact that it is something distinct from obesity.食物成癮而不是肥胖與物質(zhì)濫用和父母的酗酒史有關(guān)斟或，這為食物成癮是一種成癮性疾病的理論提供了支持，因?yàn)樗c其他物質(zhì)濫用有共同的根源集嵌，并強(qiáng)調(diào)了它食物成癮與肥胖是兩個(gè)不同的事實(shí)萝挤。

Findings have important treatment and prevention implications.? ?研究結(jié)果具有重要的治療和預(yù)防意義

1.If parental history of alcohol use is a risk factor for food addiction and weight problems, prevention efforts could be targeted to these individuals.1.如果父母飲酒史是食物成癮和體重問題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素，則可以針對(duì)這些人進(jìn)行預(yù)防工作根欧。

2.People being treated for other addictions should also be counseled about addictive eating and vice versa, since “addiction transfer” can occur, where after one substance is stopped addiction to another takes its place.?因其他成癮而接受治療的人也應(yīng)接受有關(guān)飲食成癮的咨詢怜珍，反之亦然，因?yàn)榭赡軙?huì)發(fā)生“成癮轉(zhuǎn)移”凤粗，在一種物質(zhì)停止后酥泛，對(duì)另一種物質(zhì)的成癮就會(huì)發(fā)生。

3. As we develop treatments for food addiction, we should target traits that are common to all addictions—like impulsivity, reward dysfunction, and?emotion dysregulation—and their underlying biology. Treatments that work for other addictions—certain medications, and psychotherapies—can be “repurposed” and tested for food addiction. Treatment studies are sorely needed, because we still know so little about what treatments work best for food addiction, and for whom.3.當(dāng)我們研究食物成癮的治療方法時(shí)侈沪，我們應(yīng)該針對(duì)所有成癮的共同特征揭璃，如沖動(dòng)晚凿、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)功能障礙和情緒失調(diào)以及這些特征表現(xiàn)下潛在的生物學(xué)特點(diǎn)來(lái)進(jìn)行亭罪。我們可以“重新利用”對(duì)其他成癮有效的某些藥物和心理療法治療方法來(lái)測(cè)試食物成癮。我們非常需要各種研究歼秽，因?yàn)槲覀內(nèi)匀粚?duì)哪些治療方法對(duì)食物成癮最有效以及對(duì)那些人有效知之甚少应役。

References參考

Wilcox, C.E. (2021). Food Addiction, Obesity, and Disorders of Overeating: An Evidence-Based Assessment and Clinical Guide. Springer.

威爾科克斯，CE（2021）燥筷。食物成癮箩祥、肥胖和暴飲暴食：循證評(píng)估和臨床指南。施普林格肆氓。

Hoover, L.V., You, H.P., Cummings, J.R., Ferguson, S.G. & Gearhardt, A.N. (2022). Co-Occurrence of Food Addiction, Obesity, Problematic Substance Use, and Parental History of Problematic Alcohol Use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.Hoover, L.V., You, H.P., Cummings, J.R., Ferguson, S.G. & Gearhardt, A.N. （2022 年）袍祖。食物成癮、肥胖谢揪、有物質(zhì)濫用和有酗酒的父母史的共同發(fā)生蕉陋。成癮行為心理學(xué)。

About the Author作者簡(jiǎn)介

Claire Wilcox, M.D., is a general and addiction psychiatrist in private practice, an associate professor of translational neuroscience at the Mind Research Network, and an adjunct associate professor at the University of New Mexico.

克萊爾·威爾科克斯 (Claire Wilcox)拨扶，醫(yī)學(xué)博士凳鬓，是私人執(zhí)業(yè)的普通和成癮精神病學(xué)家，心靈研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)的轉(zhuǎn)化神經(jīng)科學(xué)副教授患民，新墨西哥大學(xué)的兼職副教授缩举。