很多的家長(zhǎng)頭疼于孩子的網(wǎng)絡(luò)成癮，游戲成癮藏姐；很多的妻子頭疼于丈夫的酗酒隆箩；很多的家庭無奈于有親人吸毒...... 關(guān)于成癮的基本狀況的文章來了。本文是轉(zhuǎn)自美國(guó) Psychology Today羔杨，僅供學(xué)習(xí)捌臊。
Signs and Symptoms of Addiction
成癮者的表現(xiàn)和癥狀
Whether the substance involved is crack cocaine or alcohol or a behavior such as gambling, the?common denominator of all addictions?is continued use despite the development of negative consequences—whether to self, relationships, finances, school or work performance—and the inability to control use. The?Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?(DSM-5), which shuns the term?addiction (but nevertheless, confusingly refers to?addictive disorders), instead prefers the term?substance use disorder, and categorizes 10 distinct such conditions depending on type of drug involved—for example, Alcohol Use Disorder; Stimulant Use Disorder, including use of cocaine; Opioid Use Disorder, including heroin. The DSM notes that all 10 “produce such an intense activation of the reward system that normal activities may be neglected.”
成癮的共同點(diǎn)就人們無力控制自己吸食可卡因，酗酒兜材，或者是其他類似于賭博的行為理澎。無論這種行為的后果傷害的是他們自己逞力，自己和他人的關(guān)系，經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況還是學(xué)業(yè)或就業(yè)表現(xiàn)糠爬。精神疾病診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)（DSM-5）避免了成癮這個(gè)詞（就算如此寇荧，還是會(huì)很容易把成癮性疾病和成癮混淆）。其中执隧，分類10把包括酒精成癮揩抡，可卡因等興奮劑上癮，海洛因等鎮(zhèn)痛劑成癮等毒品成癮區(qū)分開來了镀琉，而不是簡(jiǎn)單地用物質(zhì)濫用來表達(dá)峦嗤。DSM指明，所有這10種會(huì)使人體獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈刺激的活動(dòng)使得人會(huì)忽略其他正常的活動(dòng)屋摔。
How each type of drug acts in the body is different, but the behavioral symptoms, including those associated with gambling, all overlap. Another common feature is the persistence of changes in brain circuitry beyond any detoxification period; studies show that it can take months or more after stopping use for the brain to rewire itself to respond to normal rewards.
不同類型的毒品在人體里所起的作用是不一樣的烁设。但是包括跟賭博等有關(guān)聯(lián)的行為癥狀都是相同的。另外一個(gè)共同特征就是過了停止酗食毒品之后腦電路的持續(xù)改變凡壤。研究表明署尤，在停止上癮行為之后，大腦可能需要幾個(gè)月或者更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來重新回歸正常的反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)亚侠。
Signs of Addiction上癮的表現(xiàn)
Substance use is not, by itself, a disorder. According to DSM-5, widely used as a roadmap to diagnosis, it becomes a disorder when use eludes control and interferes with functioning. Substance use disorder is marked by a pattern of pathological behaviors related to use of the substance.
物質(zhì)使用本身并不是一個(gè)毛病曹体。根據(jù)DSM-5，被廣泛使用的一個(gè)診斷方法就是：當(dāng)物質(zhì)使用不受控制并且已經(jīng)影響到人體功能時(shí)硝烂，我們?cè)\斷它為一個(gè)疾病箕别。物質(zhì)濫用是一種由于物質(zhì)使用而引起的一種病理行為。
What are common behavioral signs of addiction?
Substance use disorder is marked by a pattern of pathological behaviors related to use of the substance. As listed in the DSM, they include:
成癮的普遍行為特征是什么滞谢？
物質(zhì)濫用是指關(guān)于物質(zhì)使用的一種病態(tài)行為串稀。DSM里列出來的包括：
? Being unable to stop taking a substance, even when wanting to cut down or regulate use or having tried several times
就算想要或者已經(jīng)多次試著少用或限制使用某種物質(zhì)也已經(jīng)無法停止。
? Worrying about the next dose or getting a consistent supply of the substance
擔(dān)心下次是否還能再次得到該物質(zhì)或者說該物質(zhì)是否能得到持續(xù)供應(yīng)狮杨。
? Experiencing intense cravings at any time, but especially in places where the drug was once obtained or used
一直強(qiáng)烈渴望某種東西母截，特別是在曾經(jīng)獲得或者使用了毒品的地方。
? Devoting considerable time to getting, taking, or recovering from drug
投入大量的時(shí)間來獲得橄教，談?wù)摱酒坊蛘邚亩酒分芯忂^神來清寇。
? Neglecting roles and responsibilities such as work, school or home obligations
忽視自己的社會(huì)角色，工作學(xué)習(xí)責(zé)任和家庭義務(wù)护蝶。
? Experiencing interpersonal problems as a result of substance use
因?yàn)槲镔|(zhì)濫用而影響到了人際關(guān)系华烟。
? Changing social patterns, withdrawing from family, friends and activities in order to use a substance
社交模式的改變，為此而遠(yuǎn)離家人持灰，朋友和一些社會(huì)活動(dòng)盔夜。
? Facing risky situations to become intoxicated or maintain a supply of drug
面臨酗食或持續(xù)使用毒品的威險(xiǎn)境地。
? Using a substance despite knowing it causes physical or psychological harm to oneself
就算知曉會(huì)引起自己身體或心理的傷害還是在使用某物。
? Developing tolerance, requiring more drug to get an effect; a common but not invariable feature of addiction, sometimes called adaptation
培養(yǎng)耐受性喂链，有時(shí)候也叫做適應(yīng)性返十，是指需要更多劑量才能達(dá)到效果。這是成癮的一個(gè)普遍但并非不可變的特點(diǎn)衩藤。
? Developing the unpleasant physiologic symptoms of withdrawal—shakiness, sweating, queasiness or vomiting, headache—when unable to take the substance. Withdrawal is a highly variable sign of addiction; it occurs with use of some drugs (alcohol, for example) but not others (cocaine); however, it often drives continuing use. Withdrawal can require medical treatment when a person abruptly stops heavy substance use.
當(dāng)沒法獲取該物質(zhì)時(shí)吧慢，會(huì)表現(xiàn)有戒掉該物的不愉快的生理癥狀：顫抖，出汗赏表，惡心或嘔吐检诗。戒斷是成癮的一個(gè)高可變性標(biāo)志。它經(jīng)常發(fā)生在使用某一種（比如說瓢剿，酒精）而不是其他物質(zhì)（比如說可卡因）時(shí)逢慌。然而，戒斷會(huì)更加促進(jìn)對(duì)某物的繼續(xù)使用间狂。當(dāng)一個(gè)人突然停止經(jīng)常使用的物品時(shí)攻泼，是需要輔助于藥物治療的。
Along with the diagnostic signposts of addiction, those addicted typically display a number of other behavioral characteristics:
在這些癥狀下成癮者會(huì)表現(xiàn)出以下一些典型的行為特征：
? Secretiveness about activities and relationships as well as private space, to conceal drug use
日臣螅活動(dòng)和社會(huì)關(guān)系跟私人空間一樣隱秘忙菠，以隱瞞吸毒。
? Sudden changes in activity patterns, refusing participation in activities once enjoyed
生活模式會(huì)有突然的改變纺弊。會(huì)拒絕參加曾經(jīng)喜愛的活動(dòng)牛欢。
? Lying about whereabouts, absences, consumption habits; making excuses for unusual behavior
對(duì)自身的下落，活動(dòng)缺席情況淆游，消費(fèi)習(xí)慣等撒謊傍睹，會(huì)給一些不尋常的行為找借口。
? Loss of energy or motivation
缺乏精力或動(dòng)力犹菱。
? Neglect of appearance
忽視外表拾稳。
? Stealing to support drug purchases.
偷竊以便購(gòu)買毒品。
What are the psychological signs of addiction?
成癮的心理跡象有哪些腊脱？
A cardinal sign of addiction is not being unable to control consumption of alcohol/drug—even when wanting to. In addition, addiction is typically marked by urges or craving—wanting a substance so badly it becomes difficult to think about anything else.
成癮的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是就算他們想控制也無法控制吸食酒精或毒品访得。另外，成癮者通常是以沖動(dòng)和強(qiáng)烈渴望為標(biāo)志的陕凹。他們?nèi)绱丝释玫秸痧模灾劣诤茈y讓他們想到除此以外的其他事情。
Intoxication has its own distinctive psychological manifestations—from belligerence and mood lability to impaired judgement and “absent presence.” They result from the effects of the substance on the central nervous system. Those who are high also display perceptual disturbances, problems with attention, disrupted thinking patterns and easy confusion, as well as difficulties relating to others.?
沉醉其中有它獨(dú)特的心理學(xué)表現(xiàn)形式捆姜。從好斗和情緒不穩(wěn)定到判斷力的損害，無法感知當(dāng)下迎膜。這些都是由于被酗食物質(zhì)對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響造成的泥技。高度酗食者還表現(xiàn)為知覺障礙，注意力方面的問題，思維模式被打亂珊豹，容易混淆事物簸呈。以及與他人交往困難。
In the grand scheme of things, addiction is considered an attempt—a nonproductive attempt—to solve a problem; it offers relief from shyness, relationship difficulties, shortage of opportunities, losses and failures of any kind, and much more. From that perspective, it is a sign of inability to cope with a stressor; behind the?psychology of addiction?is a sense of powerlessness, and it always a sign that better stress-management skills are needed.
在一項(xiàng)宏偉的計(jì)劃中店茶，成癮者被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)試著解決問題卻最終什么問題也解決不了的嘗試者蜕便。他們會(huì)寬慰自己說失敗是因?yàn)樽约汉π撸c他人關(guān)系困難贩幻，缺少機(jī)會(huì)轿腺，其他任何種類的失敗或缺失，或者更多丛楚。從這點(diǎn)看來族壳，這是藏在成癮者無力感背后的心理因素，也是需要更好的壓力管理技能的標(biāo)志—無力應(yīng)對(duì)壓力趣些。
