朋友們歼争,我已經(jīng)更新了更好版本的學(xué)習(xí)筆記:
解剖式學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)質(zhì)粒結(jié)構(gòu)--update
第一次看到以下這種質(zhì)粒map的時(shí)候盛嘿,我的腦袋是空白的,最近在師兄的指導(dǎo)下,也做了一些轉(zhuǎn)化感挥、擴(kuò)增纬霞、提質(zhì)粒、酶切和連接等工作蛋铆。但是實(shí)際上我對(duì)質(zhì)粒的結(jié)構(gòu)不是很明白馋评,有時(shí)候師兄在說一些東西我沒能完全理解透,等到自己琢磨的時(shí)候遇到問題回去再問刺啦,師兄會(huì)說留特,我已經(jīng)跟你說過了,嚶嚶嚶o(╥﹏╥)o,所以我決定蜕青,搬起小板凳好好的把這個(gè)給學(xué)一學(xué)苟蹈,就算學(xué)不完,總算加一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)也是好的右核。
舉個(gè)例子:Puro-Cas9 donor (Addgene #58409)
1. Ori
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-8d9b23-1601349964677)]
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori
Ori指的是脫氧核糖核酸序列上有一個(gè)固定的復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)慧脱,有時(shí)也被叫做origin。在原核生物中贺喝,如大腸桿菌(E.coli)的DNA序列上菱鸥,在第82等分位點(diǎn)上,便存在有該復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)躏鱼,該點(diǎn)被稱作OriC氮采。該OriC的DNA跨度為245bp,分析它的堿基序列染苛,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這段DNA是由3組延續(xù)的重復(fù)序列與2對(duì)反向的重復(fù)序列所組成的鹊漠。
在細(xì)菌的接合生殖過程中,在oriT ('T'是transfer的縮寫) 的FAT質(zhì)粒序列上開始以滾環(huán)式復(fù)制的模式進(jìn)行DNA復(fù)制殖侵。
不同于原核生物僅有一個(gè)復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)贸呢,真核生物中往往有多個(gè)復(fù)制起始點(diǎn),并且是分開復(fù)制而并不是同步復(fù)制的拢军,即時(shí)序性楞陷;且復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)比E.coli的OriC要短。如酵母菌的DNA復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)僅僅包含11bp的富含AT的核心序列茉唉,又叫做自主復(fù)制序列(ARS,autonomous replication sequence)固蛾。
在許多生物的線粒體DNA中包含有兩個(gè)Ori序列。在人類中度陆,他們被稱為oriH和oriL艾凯,前者位于該線粒體的重鏈DNA,后者位于該線粒體的輕鏈DNA懂傀。每一個(gè)Ori序列都是線粒體的復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)趾诗。
2. CAP binding site
CAP,Catabolite activator protein 激活蛋白
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein
CAP結(jié)合位點(diǎn)蹬蚁,顯然是為CAP蛋白準(zhǔn)備的恃泪。
Catabolite activator protein (CAP; also known as cAMP receptor protein,****CRP) is a trans-acting transcriptional activator that exists as a homodimer in solution.
Each subunit of CAP is composed of a ligand-binding domain at the N-terminus (CAPN, residues 1-138) and a DNA-binding domain at the C-terminus (DBD, residues 139-209).[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein#cite_note-Busby-1)[2] Two cAMP (cyclic AMP) molecules bind dimeric CAP with negative cooperativity. Cyclic AMP functions as an allosteric effector by increasing CAP's affinity for DNA. CAP binds a DNA region upstream from the DNA binding site of RNA Polymerase. CAP activates transcription through protein-protein interactions with the α-subunit of RNA Polymerase.
**(i) catalyzing the formation of the <u>RNAP-promoter closed complex</u>; and (ii) isomerization of the <u>RNAP-promoter complex to the open confirmation</u>. CAP's interaction with RNA polymerase causes bending of the DNA near the transcription start site, thus effectively <u>catalyzing the transcription initiation process.</u> **
3. lac promoter and operator
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-389ee2-1601349964677)]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon
promoter for the E. coli lac operon
The lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lacoperon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta-galactosidase.
大腸埃希菌及其他腸桿菌消化乳酸的操縱子,promoter是啟動(dòng)子犀斋,啟動(dòng)子后面跟著操縱子的基因贝乎,結(jié)合在一起才可以起作用,另外圖上紫色的部分叽粹,都是各種引物
4. M13 REV
M13 REV : common sequencing primer, one of multiple similar variants
M13 fwd: common sequencing primer, one of multiple similar variants
5. T3 promoter and HA-L, HA-R
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-be0d5-1601349964677)]
5.1 T3 promoter:如圖所示
5.2 HA-L: left homology arm from the adeno-associated virus integration site (AAVS1) within intron 1 of the human PPP1R12C gene; HA-R: right homology arm from the adeno-associated virus integration site (AAVS1) within intron 1 of the human PPP1R12C gene.
這里需要補(bǔ)充AAVS1的相關(guān)背景知識(shí)览效,我就不補(bǔ)充了却舀,但是一定要了解這個(gè)位點(diǎn)。
6. SA锤灿,T2A and puro-R
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-c49237-1601349964677)]
6.1 SA:splice acceptor site
6.2 T2A:2A peptide from Thosea asigna virus capsid protein (相應(yīng)的還有F2A挽拔,P2A,E2A等等衡招,主要是來源不同)
6.3 puro-R:puromycin抗性基因
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2A_self-cleaving_peptides
T2A的存在篱昔,能夠把融合蛋白拆開來表達(dá)~
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-ac4c52-1601349964677)]
7. bGH poly(A) signal
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-13b8e-1601349964677)]
bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%BE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7/4791563
http://www.novopro.cn/articles/201607201130.html
bGH即是較弱的加尾信號(hào)
poly(A) tail:真核生物mRNA的3’端都有一段) [1] ,這種尾巴不由基因編碼始腾,而是在轉(zhuǎn)錄后加到mRNA上的州刽。加尾過程受位于終止密碼3’端的加尾信號(hào)序列所控制。 在結(jié)構(gòu)基因的最后一個(gè)外顯子中有一個(gè)保守的AATAAA序列浪箭,此位點(diǎn)下游有一段GT豐富區(qū)或T豐富區(qū)穗椅,這兩部分序列共同構(gòu)成poly(A)加尾信號(hào)。
哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞表達(dá)質(zhì)粒主要是用于轉(zhuǎn)錄出mRNA奶栖, 常用的轉(zhuǎn)錄終止子有SV40, hGH, BGH, 和rbGlob匹表,同時(shí)包含有AAUAAA基序促進(jìn)聚腺苷酸化和轉(zhuǎn)錄終止。除了上面列出的宣鄙,SV40 late polyA 和rbGlob polyA被認(rèn)為可以更加有效的終止轉(zhuǎn)錄袍镀。
有一點(diǎn)特別需要注意的是,哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞的poly(A)信號(hào)和病毒包裝系統(tǒng)的聯(lián)合使用可能會(huì)降低病毒滴度冻晤,延長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)錄本的壽命苇羡,所以處理的時(shí)候需要謹(jǐn)慎一點(diǎn)。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因鼻弧,病毒載體通常會(huì)使用其他非poly(A)的轉(zhuǎn)錄本穩(wěn)定元件和出核元件设江,如WPRE和CTE或者使用其他弱的poly(A)信號(hào),如BGH 攘轩。
拜托以后看到加粗字體的內(nèi)容叉存,就知道這是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄終止子的信號(hào)哦~
8. attB1 and attB2
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-e1cf18-1601349964677)]
Gateway BP reaction
http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/topic/25258654
Gateway也可以被視為一種克隆操作平臺(tái):把目的基因克隆到入門載體(Entry Vector)后,就不用依賴限制性內(nèi)切酶度帮,而靠載體上存在的特定重組位點(diǎn)和重組酶歼捏,高效、快速地將目的基因克隆到其它的受體載體(Destination Vector笨篷,目的載體)上瞳秽。
Gateway的原理也是建立在噬菌體DNA定點(diǎn)整合到細(xì)菌宿主基因組上。在噬菌體和細(xì)菌的整合因子(INF冕屯、Int)的作用下,lambda的attP位點(diǎn)和大腸桿菌基因組的attB位點(diǎn)可以發(fā)生定點(diǎn)重組拂苹,lambda噬菌體DNA整合到大腸桿菌的基因組DNA中安聘,兩側(cè)產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)新位點(diǎn):attL和attR痰洒。這是一個(gè)可逆的過程,如果在一個(gè)噬菌體編碼蛋白Xis和IHF浴韭、Int的共同介導(dǎo)下這兩個(gè)新位點(diǎn)可以再次重組回復(fù)為attB和attP位點(diǎn)丘喻,噬菌體從細(xì)菌基因組上裂解下來。這一過程的方向是受控于兩個(gè)重要因素:存在的介導(dǎo)蛋白和重組位點(diǎn)念颈。
在Gateway系統(tǒng)中,入門載體包含兩個(gè)重組位點(diǎn)序列attL1和attL2泉粉,大小均為100bp,中間夾著一個(gè)自殺基因——ccdB基因榴芳。由于ccdB基因的表達(dá)產(chǎn)物能抑制普通的E.coli生長(zhǎng)嗡靡,在克隆時(shí)沒有切開或者自身環(huán)化的載體在轉(zhuǎn)化時(shí)不能生長(zhǎng)。在構(gòu)建含目的基因的入門載體時(shí)必須切掉這個(gè)基因窟感,接入目的基因讨彼。ccdB基因兩端可以選擇的酶切位點(diǎn)有限(2個(gè)),同時(shí)還必須考慮讀碼框架柿祈、啟動(dòng)子哈误、終止密碼等問題,因此Gateway系統(tǒng)提供了5種不同的入門載體以供選擇躏嚎。需要特別注意的是轉(zhuǎn)化用的菌株必須是不含F(xiàn)附加體的蜜自,因?yàn)樗磉_(dá)的一種產(chǎn)物能阻斷ccdB基因,影響篩選結(jié)果卢佣。
同樣重荠,目的載體(Destination Vector)也必須和Gateway系統(tǒng)配套,即目的載體的表達(dá)調(diào)控元件下游有兩個(gè)重組位點(diǎn)attR1和attR2珠漂,大小均為125bp晚缩,同樣也夾著一個(gè)ccdB自殺基因。
bipartite nuclear localization(NLS)signal from nucleoplasmin (核纖溶酶的二部核定位信號(hào) )
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_localization_sequence
A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. Typically, this signal consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface. Different nuclear localized proteins may share the same NLS. An NLS has the opposite function of a nuclear export signal (NES), which targets proteins out of the nucleus.
9. SV40 NLS, 3xFLAG, Kozak sequence, attB1, tight TRE promoter and tet operator
[圖片上傳失敗...(image-bef94a-1601349964677)]
9.1 SV40 NLS媳危,我們上面提到過
They found significantly higher nuclear localization efficiency of c-Myc NLS compared to that of SV40 NLS荞彼,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)c-Myc NLS比SV40 NLS的和定位效率更高。說明這兩個(gè)都是一個(gè)核定位因子待笑,與上面提到的一致鸣皂。
NLS is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport. NLS是一個(gè)可以標(biāo)記蛋白的氨基酸,以便于被和細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞核中暮蹂,實(shí)現(xiàn)核定位功能寞缝。
9.2 3xFLAG
three tandem FLAG? epitope tags, followed by an enterokinase cleavage site. 三個(gè)串聯(lián)FLAG?表位標(biāo)簽,接著是腸激酶裂解位點(diǎn) 仰泻。
9.3 Kozak sequence
vertebrate consensus sequence for strong initiation of translation (Kozak, 1987) 脊椎動(dòng)物共有的荆陆,轉(zhuǎn)錄的強(qiáng)啟動(dòng)因子
9.4 attB1 上面提到過
9.5 tight TRE promoter and tet operator
Tet-responsive promoter PTight, consisting of seven tet operator sequences followed by the minimal CMV promoter
10. T7 promoter
T7: promoter for bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase
11. ccdB
ccdB, a bacterial toxin that poisons DNA gyrase。 ccdB就是前面在gateway reaction里面提到過的自殺基因集侯,ccdB是一種細(xì)菌毒素被啼,可以破壞DNA旋轉(zhuǎn)酶帜消。
12. AmpR
這個(gè)就不說了。