Climate Change Has Already Increased Global Inequality. It Will Only Get Worse 氣候改變加重了全球的不平等，且會越來越糟
---by Justin Worland via TIME
由 Justin Worland 發(fā)表在《時代周刊》
Scientists have long predicted that warmer temperatures caused by climate change will have the biggest impact on the world’s poorest, most vulnerable people. New research now indicates that’s already happened over the last several decades.
科學家們很早就預測說由氣候變化所導致的氣溫上升將對世界上的窮人（最易受影響的人）造成最大的沖擊深浮。新的研究表明：在過去的幾十年間，這一沖擊已經(jīng)發(fā)生了乔妈。
A study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science found that in most poor countries, higher temperatures are more than 90% likely to have resulted in decreased economic output, compared to a world without global warming. Meanwhile, the effect has been less dramatic in wealthier nations—with some even potentially benefiting from higher temperatures.
周一發(fā)表在《美國科學院院報》的一篇研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：與不存在全球變暖的世界相比旁涤，大多數(shù)貧窮國家的經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量有超過九成的可能性因溫度上升而下降俱尼。與此同時，對于比較富有的國家乏屯，這個影響沒有那么劇烈漾月，甚至有一些國家可能從溫度上升中獲益病梢。
“We’re not arguing that global warming created inequality,” says Noah S. Diffenbaugh, the author of the study and a professor at Stanford University who studies climate change. But “global warming has put a drag on improvement.” The countries most likely to have lost out economically as a result of warmer temperatures have done the least to contribute to the problem, he adds.
這個研究的作者，斯坦福一個研究氣候變化的教授——NSD說：“我們并不是說全球氣候變暖制造了不平等梁肿，”蜓陌。但是，他還說：“全球氣候變暖減緩了（不平等的）改善吩蔑∨ト龋”因為溫度上升對那個問題（不平等的改善）沒有一丁點貢獻，因此國家更可能在經(jīng)濟上遭受損失烛芬。
The new study builds on past research. A 2015 study in the journal Nature projected that the average income in the poorest countries will decline 75% by 2100 compared to a world without warming, while some of the richest countries could experience gains in income. And a landmark report released last fall from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN’s climate science body, showed that if global temperatures rise more than 1.5°C by the end of the century, poor countries will likely face critical challenges, including the destruction of entire communities and millions of premature deaths.
這個新研究是基于過去的研究實現(xiàn)的隧期。2015年發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的一篇研究提出：與不存在全球氣候變暖的世界相比，到2100年赘娄，一些最貧窮國家的平均收入將減少75%仆潮。然而，一些最富有國家的收入會發(fā)生上揚遣臼。國際氣候變化專家委員會（IPCC性置，英國氣候科學團體）去年秋天發(fā)表的一篇里程碑式報道表明：如果本世紀末全球溫度上升超過1.5 ℃，貧窮的國家將可能面臨嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)揍堰，包括人口結構失衡和成千上萬的早死亡（即早逝鹏浅，如四五十歲時死亡）。
landmark [?l?ndmɑ:k] n. [航]陸標; 界標; 里程碑; 紀念碑; adj. 有重大意義或影響的;
destruction [d??str?k?n] n. 破壞屏歹，毀滅隐砸，消滅，滅亡蝙眶，撲滅季希，驅除; 摧毀; 毀滅的原因，破壞手段; 殺害;
premature [?prem?t??(r)] adj. 過早的; 提前的; 早產(chǎn)的; 草率的; n. 早產(chǎn)兒;
“They will suffer the most, they will suffer disproportionately, as they are already,” said Mary Robinson, a former U.N. Special Envoy on Climate Change and a previous president of Ireland, told TIME after the launch of the IPCC report.
IPCC的報告發(fā)出后械馆，前英國氣候變化特使胖眷、愛爾蘭總統(tǒng)MR告訴《時代》說：“他們（貧窮國家）將會受到最大沖擊武通，他們將會受到不相稱的沖擊霹崎，像他們遭遇的狀況一樣∫背溃”
disproportionately [?d?spr?'p?:??n?tl?] adv. 不勻稱尾菇，不相稱;
envoy [?env??] n. 使節(jié)，外交官; 全權公使; 談判代表; 書后，結尾詩節(jié);
Even before any of that research was published, climate policymakers have tried to address the problem of the poorest countries facing the worst effects of rising temperatures—for which they are least responsible. Early attempts at addressing global warming on the international stage included different expectations for emissions reduction based on each country’s level of development. Poorest countries received more leeway while the richest bore extra responsibility.
甚至在這類研究發(fā)表之前派诬，氣候政策制定者們已經(jīng)嘗試解決最貧窮的國家遭受溫度上升最嚴重的沖擊這一問題劳淆，而這些國家是最不應該為它（溫度上升）負責的。早期在國際層面解決全球氣候變暖的嘗試包括基于各個國家的發(fā)展水平制定不同的減排期望目標默赂。貧窮國家擁有很大操作空間沛鸵，而富裕的國家承擔超額的責任。
address [??dres] n. 地址; 通信處; 演說; 稱呼; v. 寄給; 演說; 向…說話; 稱呼; 處理;
leeway [?li:we?] n. （航行由于強風所致的）偏航; 余地; 時間損失缆八，落后; 風壓差曲掰，風壓角;
But in some ways, that approach backfired in the U.S., and by extension the rest of the world, as it helped feed the popular conservative narrative that Washington is overpaying for climate change mitigation, while poorer countries are getting away with doing less. That Republican talking point has had real effects. Hardline distinctions between requirements for rich and poor countries have been softened in recent years, in favor of a lighter version of what climate change policymakers refer to as “common but differentiated responsibilities.”
但是某種程度上，在美國奈辰，甚至是在世界上的其他國家栏妖，這個辦法受到了抨擊。有一個由來已久的說法是美國為緩解氣候變化付出了很大代價奖恰，然而吊趾，相對較窮的國家少有貢獻。共和黨人的觀點更具有實際意義瑟啃。近年來论泛，針對富裕和貧窮國家強硬的區(qū)別要求正在減弱，因此形成了一個更緩和的模式蛹屿，即氣候變化政策制定者提出一個一般（標準）但是（針對國家經(jīng)濟狀況）有區(qū)分的責任孵奶。
backfire [?b?k?fa??(r)] vi. 發(fā)生回火; 適得其反，事與愿違的結果; n. 逆火;
conservative [k?n?s?:v?t?v] n. 保守的人; （英國）保守黨黨員蜡峰，保守黨支持者; adj. 保守的; （英國）保守黨的; （式樣等）不時新的;
narrative [?n?r?t?v] n. 記敘文; 故事; 敘述了袁，記事; 敘述手法; adj. 敘述的，敘事體的; 善于敘述的;
mitigation [?m?t??ge??n] n. 緩解湿颅，減輕载绿，平靜;
hardline ['hɑrd?la?n] n. 強硬路線; adj. 強硬的; 不妥協(xié)的;
differentiated [d?f?'ren??e?t?d] v. 區(qū)分，區(qū)別油航，辨別; 區(qū)別對待; 表明…間的差別崭庸，構成…間差別的特征;
That principle, embedded in climate agreements dating back to 1992, including the landmark Paris Agreement, suggests that richer countries should bear a greater burden in addressing climate change, but remains vague about what that means for concrete policy.
這個原則產(chǎn)生于1992年的氣候協(xié)議，包括標志性的巴黎協(xié)定谊囚。它提出富有國家應該對解決氣候變化問題承擔更多的責任怕享，但是具體政策制定仍然比較含糊不定。
embedded [?m'bed?d] adj. 植入的镰踏，深入的函筋，內含的;
vague [ve?g] adj. 模糊的; （思想上）不清楚的; （表達或感知）含糊的; 曖昧的; n. 模糊不定狀態(tài);
concrete [?k??kri:t] adj. 具體的，有形的奠伪，實在的跌帐，實際的; 固結成的首懈，混凝土制的; 圖案詩歌的; n. 混凝土; 具體物; （圖案式）有形詩; 〔建〕鋼筋混凝土; vt. 使凝固; 用混凝土修筑; 萃取; vi. 凝固; 固結; 變堅固; 使用混凝土;
Many of the world’s developing countries have called foul. “This problem is created somewhere else,” Abdur Rouf Talukder, Bangladesh’s Finance Secretary, told TIME earlier this month. “We are spending more on adaptation because we have to live.”
世界上的很多發(fā)展中國家都有所違規(guī)。在本月早些時候谨敛，孟加拉共和國的經(jīng)濟秘書ARF告訴《時代》說：“這個問題是由其他地方產(chǎn)生的究履，但是因為要生存下去，我們已經(jīng)花了很大代價去適應（這一變化）脸狸∽盥兀”
foul [fa?l] adj. [體]違反規(guī)則的，犯規(guī)的; 邪惡的; 難聞的炊甲，有惡臭的; 下流的; vt.& vi. 糾纏盯仪，糾結; [體]違反規(guī)則的; vt. 弄臟，使污穢; 使糾纏; 使阻塞;vi. 腐爛; 纏結; n. 犯規(guī); 纏結; 碰撞; adv. 不正當?shù)孛鄞校敢?guī)地; 碰撞地; 爭執(zhí)不和地;
Bangladesh’s GDP per capita was 12% lower due to global warming than it would have been otherwise in the two decades preceding 2010, according to the study published Monday. The effect is more dramatic elsewhere, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries including Sudan, Burkina Faso and Niger, where climate change has driven GDP per capita more than 20% lower that it would have been absent climate change.
根據(jù)周一發(fā)布的報告全景，在2010年之前的二十年間（1990-2010年間），由于全球變暖牵囤，孟加拉共和國的人均GDP比（沒有氣候變暖情況下的人均GDP）下降了12%爸黄。這一現(xiàn)象在其他地方表現(xiàn)地更加劇烈，特別是撒哈拉以南非洲國家揭鳞，包括蘇丹炕贵、布基納法索以及尼日爾。這些地方的人均GDP因氣候變化比沒有氣候變暖的情況下發(fā)生超過20%的下降野崇。
per capita [p? ?k?p?t?] adj. 每人; 按人分配的; 按人口平均;
preceding [pr?'si:d??] adj. （時間或地點上）在先的称开，在前的，前面的; 前述的; 上述的; v. 在…之前發(fā)生（或出現(xiàn)）; 走在…前面; 先于;
Higher temperatures affect economic output in a variety of ways. For example, labor productivity decreases with extreme heat, crops produce lower yields and cognitive functioning declines. “There are a number of pathways by which temperature affects building blocks of economic activity,” says Diffenbaugh. What’s clear is that, for poor countries, the news is all bad.
溫度上升可以通過多種途徑影響經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量乓梨。例如：高溫時鳖轰，工人生產(chǎn)力下降、農作物收獲下降及認知能力下降扶镀。D說：“溫度可以通過眾多方式影響經(jīng)濟活動的構成要素蕴侣。”不過臭觉，明確的是昆雀，全球變暖對于貧窮的國家來說都是負面作用。
cognitive [?k?gn?t?v] adj. 認知的; 認識的;
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