第二章兩句的連接方法有以下六種：

第一種：破折號(hào)（~）He isversatile~He can speak seven different languages and play piano very well.

第二種：冒號(hào)（：）He has finally made his goal known to us:he wants to be a scientist.

第三種分號(hào)（；）He ?is nice;quite often he is seen helping others.

第四種：并列連詞He enjoys taking pictures,and he has decided to pursure the art as his life career.

第五種：副詞連詞He deserved our respect because he is honest.

第六種關(guān)系詞He is aman who never tells lies.

第一節(jié)連接符號(hào)

1.破折號(hào)

1.1.破折號(hào)“~”是用來(lái)連接句子或同位語(yǔ)劫恒，而連字符“-”是連接單詞以形成復(fù)合詞的贩幻。

1.2.破折號(hào)連接句子時(shí)用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)第一個(gè)句子轿腺，并補(bǔ)充其意思的不足。此時(shí)破折號(hào)有“也就是說(shuō)”的意思丛楚。

He is trash~he is good for nothing.

1.3.破折號(hào)可用來(lái)連接同位語(yǔ)

It is his hobby~taking pictures.

2.冒號(hào)（：）用來(lái)連接句子以強(qiáng)調(diào)前面句中的名詞Hehas made his goal known:he wants to be a scientist.

3.分號(hào)（族壳；）等于"逗號(hào)+連詞（and\\so\but）"

He enjoys dancing;swiming;jogging.

第二節(jié)并列連詞

1.單一連詞共3個(gè)：and ,or,but.此類連詞可連接對(duì)等的單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子趣些。

He and i enjoy singing.

Is she sad or happy?

He doesn't like her but hates her

I came tosee him and to tell him the truth.

Does he work in shanghai or in beijing.

He woks hard ,andhis father is proud of him.

Hedoesn't stuty,buthis teacher likes him.

Did he fail because he was lazy or because he was ?careless?

I like john,who is easy to get along with but whose brother is too ?arrogant to associate with.（對(duì)等的定語(yǔ)從句仿荆，分別由who和whose引導(dǎo)的）

2.and.or,but衍生的其它連詞

And→voth…and…（一方面……同時(shí)也……）

Or→Either…or…（要么是……要么是……)→Neither…nor…（既非……也非……）

But→Not…but…（并非……而是……）→

Not only…but also…（不但……而且……）

這些連詞都可連接對(duì)等的單詞、短語(yǔ)坏平、句子拢操。both…and…作主語(yǔ)始終跟復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，其余用就近原則定動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)舶替。

單詞

Both Peter and Mary work hard.

He is not kind but cruel.

He will either leave or stay.

短語(yǔ)

He went to the United States not only to learn English but (also) to know more about American cultrue.

He succeeded both because of his intelligence and because of his hard work.

句子

He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard.

Not only can she sing,but she can (also)dance.

3.as well as與rather than作并列連詞可連接對(duì)等單詞庐冯、短語(yǔ)、句子坎穿。

As well as…（以及……）

Rather than…（而非……）

注：連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)展父，該句動(dòng)詞始終隨第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)變化。

We as well as john like it.

He is happy rather than sad.

He is interesting un music as well as in painting

He failed because he was lazy rather than because he was not intelligent.

He as well as I is interested in music.=he no less than I is interested in music.=he together with me is interested in music.=he along with me is interested in music.

上句中玲昧，由于as well as與no less than為并列連詞故之后用主格形態(tài)I與He對(duì)等栖茉，而along with 和together with之后接賓格me作介詞with的賓語(yǔ)。

He rather than I is interested in music.=He instead of me is interested in music.=He,not,I,is interested in music.rather than是并列連詞故后接主格I與He對(duì)等孵延，not也可視為并列連詞吕漂，只是用時(shí)not前恒加逗號(hào)，in stead of為介詞故后接賓格me尘应。

Not only是否定詞惶凝，故置于弟一個(gè)分句句首該句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，第二個(gè)分句不用犬钢。倒裝原則依動(dòng)詞不同苍鲜，可分如下三種：

①be動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)倒裝：Not only is he clever,but he is polite.

②助動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)倒裝：

Not only can she sing,but she can dance.

③一般動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)倒裝：

Not only does she sing well,but she also dances beautifully.

注：not only…but(also)之a(chǎn)lso通常可省略玷犹，若不省略則連接單詞或短語(yǔ)時(shí)混滔，“but also”不可分開，而連接句子時(shí)歹颓，一定要分開坯屿，要將also置于句中。

He isinterested not only in music but(also)in art.

Not only can she sing,but she can (also)dance.=Not only can she sing,but she can dance ? as well.

Not only…but also…=not just…but also…=not merely…but also….

第三節(jié)副詞連詞

在主從復(fù)合句中巍扛，because领跛、if等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，類似副詞的功能撤奸，副詞連詞只能連接從句吠昭。

1.常見的有because,if,when,though,unless,once,as soon as等鹅经。副詞連詞冠于任何從句前面，該句就成為狀語(yǔ)從句怎诫，狀語(yǔ)從句只能與主句共存，不可單獨(dú)存在贷痪，可視為用來(lái)修飾主句的副詞幻妓。

Because he is nice,i like him.=I like him because he is nice.

Though he did poorly on the test,his father didn't scold him.=His father didn't scold him though he did poorly on the test.

As soon as he heard the news,he cried.=He cried as soon as he heard the news.

2.連接性副詞：這些副詞有連接性的意味，但不能作連詞用劫拢，此類副詞前面要有分號(hào)肉津，用來(lái)連接兩句。

A)however,nevertheless（然而）~有連詞but的意味舱沧。

He is nice;however,I don't like him.=He is nice,but I don't like him.=He is nice.However,I don't like him.

He is nice;nevertheless,I don't like him=He is nice.nevertheless,i don't like him.=He is nice,but i don't like him.

注：however或nevertheless之后通常加逗號(hào)妹沙，however也可插入句中兩旁以逗號(hào)相隔。

He is nice;I,however,don't like him.=He is nice.I,however,don't like him.=He is nice;however,i don't like him.

B)therefore,thus（因此）~有連詞so的意思味she is kind;terefore,we all like her.=She is kind,so we all like her.=She is kind.Therefore,we all like her.在therefore之后要加逗號(hào)熟吏，therefore可作插入語(yǔ)距糖，兩旁要用逗號(hào)隔開。thus不用牵寺。she is kind;thus we all like her=She is kind.Thus we all like her.=She is kind,so we all like her.

C)moreover,furthermore,in addition（此外）~有and 的意味She dances well;moreover,she is good at singing.=She dances well.Moreover,she is good at singing.=She dances well,and she is good at singing.

She dances well;furthermore,she is good at singing.=She dances well.Furthermore,she is good at singing.=She dances well,and she is good at singing.

She dances well;in addition,she is good at singing.=She dances well.In addition,she is good at singing.=She dances,and she is good at singing.

D)vesides（此外）與in addition用法同悍引，只是besides多用于有否定或消極意味的句子。

I don't hink ?I will go to the movies with you,John.I'mtired;besides,I have no money.

3.while作副詞連詞及并列連詞的用法：

3.1.“當(dāng)……時(shí)”while為副詞連詞帽氓，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句

While i was writing the letter,she was washing those dishes.

3.2.表“而……”時(shí)趣斤，視while為并列連詞，連接并列句黎休。

He is nice,while his brother is bad.

4.其它重要副詞連詞：as,since.where.in that,so that,excect that等：

4.1.1.as作“當(dāng)……”時(shí)浓领，相當(dāng)于when之意。

As I was young,I was quite happy.

4.1.2.as作“雖然”解時(shí)势腮，相當(dāng)于though联贩，但與though引導(dǎo)的句型有如下變化：

Though he is rich.he isn't happy→Rich ashe is,he isn't happy.=As rich as he is,he isn't happy.

4.1.3.as作“因?yàn)椤苯鈺r(shí)，相當(dāng)于because之意捎拯。

As he has apologized to me,I am going to forgive him=Because he has apologized to me,I 'm going to forgive him.

4.2.where=in the place where=in the place in which

Where i live,people are very kind.=In the place where i live,people are very kind.

4.3.once（一旦）

Once you heard any news,let me know=As soon as you heard any news,let me know.

4.4.1.or（否則）

You must work hard,or I'llfire you.=You must work hard;otherwise I'll fire you.

可見or是并列連詞可連接對(duì)等句子撑蒜，otherwise是連詞性副詞，之前要用分號(hào)玄渗。

4.4.2.nor（也不）是連詞可用以連接兩個(gè)否定句nor之后的分句要用類似問句結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝句型座菠。

Shecan'tsing,nor can she dance.

4.5.so that（這樣的話；以便）引導(dǎo)的從句中應(yīng)有助動(dòng)詞may can will等藤树。

I got up early so that i could get to school on time.=I got up early in order that I could get to school on time.

4.6.so…that…（如此……以至于……）

He is so nice that we all like him.

4.7.in that（因?yàn)椋┫喈?dāng)于because,但in that 引導(dǎo)的從句置于主句之后浴滴。

He is talented in that he speaks five different languages.

4.8.except that（只可惜，只不過是）

She is nice except that she is a little shy.

4.9.since（因?yàn)樗甑觯蛔詮模┍怼耙驗(yàn)椤睍r(shí)升略，相當(dāng)于because之意微王；表“自從”時(shí)，所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句采用一般過去時(shí)品嚣，主句采用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)炕倘。

Since you'finished your work,you may leave anytime.（由于已完工，你隨時(shí)可以走了翰撑。）

He has been studying hard since he went to college.

第三章關(guān)系詞

關(guān)系詞也是起連接作用的罩旋，大概有七類：

第一節(jié)關(guān)系代詞這類詞有連詞的功能，用以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句眶诈。

1代表人的主格用who涨醋，賓格用whom,代表物或事的用which。

2.關(guān)系代詞三原則：①關(guān)系代詞前必有先行詞（即表人或事物的名詞）②關(guān)系代詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中要作賓語(yǔ)逝撬、主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)浴骂，③否則關(guān)系代詞前一定要有介詞。

He has a car which was made in germany.

The house i which we live is very large.

3.介詞與關(guān)系代詞宪潮，關(guān)系代詞之前有介詞時(shí)溯警，介詞可移到從句句尾，此時(shí)可省略關(guān)系代詞狡相。

He is a manwith whom i enjoy working.=He is a man whom i enjoy working with.=He is a man i enjoy working with.

The house in which we live is very large.=The house(which) we live in is very large.

4.：有些固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)愧膀，視作一個(gè)完整的動(dòng)詞，不宜將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前谣光，該保持動(dòng)詞的完整性檩淋。如：get rid of

Call on

Take over

Pay attention to

Which

5.which可代表之前的整個(gè)主句，which若用以代表之前的整個(gè)句子萄金，which卻前一定要有逗號(hào)蟀悦。John,who was lazy,scored wuite high marks on the exam,which somewhat surprised me.

6.which也可代表前句中部分概念

He smokes three packs ?of cigaretes a day,whichdefinitely does harm to his health.

本例中whixh代替smoke three packs of cigaretes a day這件事。

7.限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：7.1.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：先行詞為專有名詞和獨(dú)一性名詞后接關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要用逗號(hào)隔開氧敢。

Here come my father,who is an english teacher.

8關(guān)系代詞的省略

限制性定語(yǔ)從句中若關(guān)系代詞為及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)日戈，則該關(guān)系代詞可省略，若該關(guān)系代詞為介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)孙乖，介詞移至句尾時(shí)浙炼，該關(guān)系代詞可省略。

This is the boy( whom)i saw yesterday.

I enjoy reading the book (which)ibought yesterday.

9.that作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)唯袄，可取代who,whom,which但只能用用限定性定語(yǔ)從句中弯屈，且that之前不能有介詞。

10.只能用that的情況：

①序數(shù)詞

Gambling is thelast thing that i would do.（賭博是我最不愿作的事）

He is the first man that came up with such an idea（他是第一個(gè)想出這主意的人）

②最高級(jí)之后

The most beautoful scene that i've ever seen is GuiLin.

③the very+n.之后恋拷，這里的very為形容詞资厉，是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)用法，不譯出來(lái)蔬顾，一定要加定冠詞宴偿。

He is the very man that i saw yesterday.（他正是那個(gè)我昨天看到的人）

④all之后要用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句湘捎，且若that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that可省略窄刘。

All（ that ）he said is true.

⑤the only+n.之后

He is th only friend that i have.

⑥句中若有兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)時(shí)窥妇，為避免重復(fù)，第二個(gè)用that.

He works hard,which is a fact that is known to us.

⑦關(guān)系代詞若作be的表語(yǔ)以示某人身份時(shí)娩践，要用that

He is not the man that he once was.

⑧兩個(gè)名詞性質(zhì)不一卻用一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞時(shí)活翩，要用that

Look at the boy and the dog that are coming this way.

11.限定性定語(yǔ)從句化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)：若關(guān)系代詞為主語(yǔ)時(shí)，該限定性定語(yǔ)從句可化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)欺矫。方法是首先去掉該關(guān)系代詞，其次將其后的動(dòng)詞變成現(xiàn)在分詞展氓，另外be動(dòng)詞變成being后可以省略穆趴。

例：The girl who danced here yesterday is my sister→The gir dancing here yesterday is my sister.

Who is the boy that is standing over there?→Who is th boy that (being)standing over there.

I ?like the car which is parked in front of the post office.→I like the car (being) parked in front of the post office.

12.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不能化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)，只能化簡(jiǎn)我為先行詞的同位語(yǔ)遇汞，先去掉who或which再將be變being后省略未妹。例如

Imet John,who is ?a good friend of mine.→I met John,a good friend of mine.=I met a good friend of mine,John.

14.定語(yǔ)從句與插入語(yǔ)的關(guān)系

14.1.插入語(yǔ)的形成方式：主語(yǔ)+認(rèn)知?jiǎng)釉~如：

Ibelieve

I think

I feel

I find

I consider

Iknow

14.2.定語(yǔ)從句置入插入語(yǔ)的方法：

將插入語(yǔ)置于限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞之后

He is the man who i think never break his word.

He is the man whom i believe i met yesterday.

He is a man whom i think to be nice.

認(rèn)知?jiǎng)釉~后有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用主格關(guān)系代詞who;而認(rèn)知?jiǎng)釉~后有to be時(shí)空入，用賓格關(guān)系代詞whom络它。

15.定語(yǔ)從句化簡(jiǎn)不定式短語(yǔ)，在關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中若該關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)歪赢，可將該從句變成不定式短語(yǔ)化戳。

He has no house in which he can live.→He has no house in which to live.

Lend me your pen in which i can write my address→Lend me your pen in which to write my address.

第二節(jié)關(guān)系代詞所有格

1.關(guān)系代詞所有格的功能關(guān)系代詞所有格乃人稱代詞所有格（his ,your,their,her,our,my,its…)變化而成，和關(guān)系代詞一樣埋凯，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的名詞点楼。

She has an uncle,whose name is Peter.

I like that house,whose location looks good to me.

2.關(guān)系代詞所有格使用三原則：

第一關(guān)系代詞所有格前要有先行詞；第二白对，該關(guān)系代詞之后的名詞要作所引導(dǎo)的從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)掠廓；第三否則該關(guān)系代詞之前一定要有介詞，該介詞也可移至句尾甩恼。

3.whose可代人蟀瞧，也可代物。代物時(shí)“whose+n.”=“天the +n.+of which”=“哦of which+ the+n.”

I like to study in this school,whose facuty and facilities are top- notch.=I like to study in this school,of which the faculty and facilities are top-notch.=I like to study in this school,the faculty and facilities of which ?are top-notch.

第三節(jié)關(guān)系副詞有四個(gè)

When=(inwhich,on which,at which);

Where=(in which,onwhich,at which);

Why=for which;

How=in which

Why

Idon't know the reason why she cried.=I don't know the reason for which she cried.

How和the way不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)条摸。

That's the way he handle the problem.=that's how he handle the problem.

注：關(guān)系副詞使用要點(diǎn)：在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中悦污，除where不可省略外，when和why均可省略钉蒲，而how一定要省略塞关。但where,when,why,how所修飾的名詞在be動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)的省略該名詞，保留關(guān)系副詞子巾。

That's the place where he was born.=that is where he was born.

That is the reason why he left.=that is why he left.

That 's how he did it=that is the way he did it.

Where,when,why,how也可作疑問代詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)帆赢。

Where可作副詞連詞小压，等于 in the place where

Put it where you found it.=Put it in the place ehere you found it.

Where there is smoke,there is fire.

第四節(jié)復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞

1.種類：

代人：whomever=anybody whom,whoever=anybody who（凡……的人）

代人或物：whichever=any one which/who（三者以上的同一類的任何一個(gè)）whichever=either which/who（二者中的任何一個(gè)）

代物：what=the thing which（所……的東西）

Whatever=anything which（……的任何東西）

由上得知復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞是以兩個(gè)詞類復(fù)合而成，一方面含有先行詞如（the thing, anybody,anything）椰于，一方面還有關(guān)系代詞（which,whom,who）

2.Whoever的用法：

首先要知道whoever=anybody who怠益，anybody是代詞，在主句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)瘾婿，who為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并作從句的主語(yǔ)蜻牢。第一步用anybody作主語(yǔ)造個(gè)句子anybody should be punished.

第二步以who為主語(yǔ)造個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句

Who makes such a mistake.然后將此句置于anybody之后，即成：Anybody who makes such a mistake should be punished.=Whoever makes such a mistake should be punished.

用anybody作賓語(yǔ)造個(gè)句子I hate anybody.

用who作主語(yǔ)造個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句who tells lies.將其置于anybody之后I hate anybody who tells lies=I hate whoever tells lies.(tells有賓語(yǔ)lies所以不能用賓格whomever偏陪，要用whoever)

Give it to anybody whom you like.=Give it to whomever you like.

There are many books.you may take whichever you like.

The things which bothers me is that i have no time=what bothers me is that i have no time.

Whatever he said is true.=Anything which he said is true.

I am interested in whatever he is doing=I am interested in anything that he is doing.

3.whoever及whatever也可作副詞連詞此時(shí)抢呆，whoever=no matter who（無(wú)論誰(shuí)）

Whatever=no matter what（不論什么）

Whatever he says,I don't believe him.=No matter he says,I don't believe him.

Whoever does it,he should finish it by ten.

作副詞連詞時(shí)所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，而作復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞時(shí)無(wú)需笛谦。

4.however有兩種詞性抱虐，一為連詞性副詞，譯作“然而”饥脑；一為副詞連詞恳邀，譯作“無(wú)論如何”用法如下：

作副詞連詞時(shí)

However=no matter how，how為副詞灶轰，修飾形容詞或副詞谣沸，先造個(gè)有形容詞或副詞的句子置于no matter how之后再將句中的形容詞或副詞移至how之后形成從句了，最后接主句即可笋颤。

例如：he is nice→no matter how he is nice→no matter how nice he is,i ?don't like him→however nice he is,i don't like him.

4.whether表“不論是否”時(shí)乳附，只需whether即可，不可用no matter whether伴澄，whether本身就可作副詞連詞许溅，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，以逗號(hào)與主句相隔秉版。

Whether he is rich(or not),aJane will marry him.

.

第五節(jié)準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞

1.共三個(gè)：than,but,as.

2.使用條件：是這些詞若要作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)贤重，前面必須有先行詞。

3.用法than前若有名詞時(shí)清焕，than=than+the+前面這個(gè)名詞＋關(guān)系代詞（which\who\whom）所以可視than為關(guān)系代詞在所引導(dǎo)的從句中作主語(yǔ)并蝗、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。

I have more money than is needed.

More guests than invited came.

4.As作準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞：as之前若有名詞時(shí)秸妥，as=as+the+前面名詞＋關(guān)系代詞（who ,whom,which）如此可以as作關(guān)系代詞滚停，在其所引導(dǎo)的從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)粥惧，只是as作準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞時(shí)键畴，只用于下列短語(yǔ)中：

Such+n.+as…（像……那樣的……）

The same+n.+as…（和……相同的……）

As+adj.+n.+as…（和……一樣的……）

①I don't like a man as tells lies.=I don't like a man as the man who tells lies.

②I respected such an honest man asyou described.=I respected such an honest man as the man whom you described.

③In our company there is not such a man as David(is)=In our company there is not such a man as the man that David is(that作be的表語(yǔ)，表人的身份）such a lazy student as Jomhn(is)will get nowhere.=Such a lazy student as the student that John( is )will get nowhere.

④The same ?book as is laid on the desk.=The same book as the book which is laid on the desk.

⑤I have the same dictionary as you bought yesterday.=I have the same dictionary as the dictionary (which) you bought yesterday.

⑥I have the same dictionary as this one(is)=I have the same dictionary as the dictionary whatthis one (is).關(guān)系代詞that作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)。

⑦He is as diligent a man as ever lived=He is as diligent man as the man who ever lived.

注：such+n.后面只能接as起惕，不能接like涡贱；thesame as（和……相同的……）指兩個(gè)人或物th same that……指同一人或物。

I have the same book as he is reading（兩本書）.

I borrowed the same book that he borrowed last week.（同一本書）

He is nice,which is known to us.=he is nice,as is known to us.

使用as代替which作關(guān)系代詞要注意：首先as代替整個(gè)句子時(shí)惹想，as引導(dǎo)的從句可置于主句前后问词，而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能置于主句之后。其次as+be+p.p.時(shí)嘀粱，be動(dòng)詞可省略

He is nice,which was mentioned before=He is nice,as mentioned before.

再者He was drunk,as usual.=He was drunk,as is usual with him.He was drunk,which is usual with him.

His condition are as follows.

He listed the names as follows.無(wú)論前面名詞是單復(fù)數(shù)激挪，還是什么時(shí)態(tài)，都用follows

So…that…;as…as…;too…to;how…這四組短語(yǔ)中要用名詞時(shí)锋叨，只能用單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞垄分。但such…that…可用任何名詞。

5.準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞but的用法：but作準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞時(shí)娃磺，只用于“no+名詞”之后薄湿；此時(shí)but等于who(whom、which)……not豌鸡。

There is no one who is not interested in it=There is no one but is interested in it.

There is nothing which he is not fond of.=There is nothing but he is fond of.

There is no book which he doesn't like to read.=There is no book but he likes to read.

There is nothing that he can't do.=There is nothing but he do.

There was no one whom he didn't hate.=There wss no one whom but he hated.