看到一個(gè)有關(guān)長(zhǎng)句分析的視頻并對(duì)此做的筆記, 侵刪

視頻鏈接: 托福想過(guò)百给涕，托福閱讀必會(huì)的50個(gè)句子https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Py4y1B7wc/

引言:

Regardless of the fact that there are a number of good motion pictures brought out, it is true that?there are some which, although photographically good, are poor because?the manufacturer, familiar with the picture and the plot, does not take into consideration that?the film was not made for him but for the audience.

????1.?????形容詞 an obvious fact

????2.?????介詞結(jié)構(gòu) an obvious fact in?the history

????3.?????分詞結(jié)構(gòu) an obvious fact happening?in the history

????4.?????定語(yǔ)從句 an obvious fact which happened in the history(成分不完整)

????5.?????同位語(yǔ)從句 an obvious fact that a financial crisis happened in the history(成分完整)

多特征修飾?長(zhǎng)句子

1.形容詞

先后順序: (一般觀點(diǎn) + 具體觀點(diǎn)) + (大小? ?+? ?形狀 + 新舊 + 顏色 + 國(guó)籍? +? 材質(zhì))

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?bad????????????dirty????????little? ? ? ?round????old? ? ?black? American tree

????????????????????????觀點(diǎn)形容詞 ???????????????????????????????????????? 事實(shí)形容詞

2.介詞結(jié)構(gòu):

常見(jiàn)介詞: in, on, with, by, for, at, about, under, of, to, into, within, throughout, inside, outside, without

多重介詞結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝: The detection of?molecular oxygen on?Earth-sized planets around?other stars in?the universe would not be an unambiguous sign of?life.

初學(xué)者寫法: We detect molecular oxygen on Earth-sized.

+ They are revolving around other stars in the universe.

+ But this discovery is not a certain sign of life.

? ? 1.?????一半介詞結(jié)構(gòu): the star in?the universe

????2.?????形容詞+介詞結(jié)構(gòu): ? the time different from?past

????3.?????連詞+介詞結(jié)構(gòu): a nice man because of?his kindness

3.分詞結(jié)構(gòu):

????1.????現(xiàn)在分詞: a boy shooting?a basketball in the court

????2.?????過(guò)去分詞: a book written?by a famous writer

????3.?????將來(lái)分詞(不定式): a duty to take?care of the old

多重分詞結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝: The research leading to?short-term forecasting has been focused on precursors(前兆) observed?prior to previous earthquakes.

初學(xué)者寫法: The research leads to short-term forecasting.

+ This forecasting has been focused on precursors.

+ Precursors observe prior to previous earthquakes.

4.介詞結(jié)構(gòu) + 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂分離):

當(dāng)修飾主語(yǔ)的后置成分大量出現(xiàn)時(shí)(＞2重后置修飾)會(huì)使得主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間被分離很遠(yuǎn)，造成閱讀困難额获。往往錯(cuò)誤判定句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞够庙。

The gradual drying?of the soil caused?by its diminished?ability to absorb?water results in the future loss of vegetation.

The sheer scale?of?the investment (that)?it?took to begin commercial expansion at?sea reflects the immensity of?the profits thatsuch East-West trade could create.

5.定語(yǔ)從句:

常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系詞有: who, whom, whose, which, that, as (, than)

限定性關(guān)系從句:

I’m looking for a job that I’ll enjoy.

非限定性關(guān)系從句: 不作為限定信息，與修飾部分關(guān)系不近抄邀，故用 ‘,’分隔耘眨。

All the burglars were arrested, which was a great relief. (句末)

Our new house, which is by the beach, is beautiful. (句中)

I teach many classes, some of which?are very difficult. (用量詞表述從句所限定的人或物的數(shù)量)

可改寫為I teach many classes and some of them?are very difficult.

兩個(gè)名詞前后出現(xiàn)，前者不能修飾后者境肾，這兩個(gè)名詞之間省略了‘that’奥喻。

定語(yǔ)從句that的省略:

?????The book you read

????An organization must provide products consumers?consider useful or desirable.

????Females probably preferred to mate with winners of these contests because they liked the territory the winners?could defend.

????The potential hazards(危害)pollen grainsare subject to are enormous.

定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)分: 定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于從句的成分是否完整

定語(yǔ)從句: This is a fact that I ?love.

????????????????????????????????????????????主? 謂(缺賓)

同位語(yǔ)從句: This is the fact that I ?love you.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?主? 謂? 賓

定語(yǔ)從句: Moderate winds may then generate waves that mix deep and shallow water.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 謂? ? ? ? ?賓(缺主)

同位語(yǔ)從句: The usual gravel provided abundant evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?主? ? ? ? ? ? 系 ???????????表

This is strong evidence that the planets formed simultaneously from a single disk of material that?

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????主? ? ? ? 謂? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 賓(同位語(yǔ)從句)

rotated the same direction as the modern planets.

? ?謂? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 賓(缺主，定語(yǔ)從句)

6.賓語(yǔ)倒裝:

賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng):

????1. ????賓語(yǔ)后出現(xiàn)修飾成分

????2.????賓語(yǔ)中內(nèi)嵌賓語(yǔ)(to do結(jié)構(gòu)/賓語(yǔ)從句)

賓語(yǔ)后出現(xiàn)修飾成分:

????1.?????mistake A for B ? mistake for B A

Early critics of Emily Dickinson’poetry mistook for simple mindedness the surface of artlessness.

????2.?????make A adj. ? make adj. A

These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs.

These roads made an immeasurable huge reduction possible.

賓語(yǔ)中內(nèi)嵌賓語(yǔ): to do不定式做賓語(yǔ)

????1.?????make it adj. to do sth. (it指代后面的to do)

????Soil conditions in New Guinea made it difficult to grow cereals.

????These roads made ?possible a reductionin transportation costs. (如果后面不是不定式就不放it环鲤，不定式一定要有指代)

????2.?????賓語(yǔ)從句that做賓語(yǔ)

????The manufacturer does not take into consideration that the film was not made for him but for the audience.

7.主語(yǔ)倒裝:

????1.????主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)冷离，將其后置吵冒，用it做形式主語(yǔ)

????It is ... that ...

????After centuries, it is evident that these pests can not be eradicated(根除).

????2. ????It is ... to do ...

????It become possible to move foods to needy regions within Western Europe quickly.

主語(yǔ)倒裝: It is known that cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas. (that后面成分完整)

????????????????????????????????????????????主? ? 系? ? ? ?表

強(qiáng)調(diào)句: It was the railroad boom of the 1850S that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation’s greatest capital market.(that后面成分不完整)

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 謂? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 賓

8.平行結(jié)構(gòu):

平行結(jié)構(gòu)的引導(dǎo)詞:

and/or

not only ... but also ...

either ... or ...

neither ... nor ...

both ... and ...

Even the stalks of cereals are useful as animal food, as bedding in stables and barns, and as a building material.

These phenomena include changes in the velocity of seismic waves (地震波), the electrical resistance of rocks, the frequency of the usually minor preliminary (初步的) earthquakes, the deformation of the land surface, and the water level of wells in the area.

Some current analyses conclude that solar activities explain a considerable amount of the observed variability from the 17thto the early 20thcentury, but?that they cannot be evoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.

9.無(wú)頭句:

Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes, voters?turned against state aid.

可改為Turned against state aid, voters convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes.因?yàn)?’,’前后不能連接兩套完整主謂賓酒朵。如果省略掉的主語(yǔ)和保留的主語(yǔ)不一樣會(huì)造成句子二義性，所以無(wú)頭句的主語(yǔ)在‘,’后面结耀。

Because?they are convince that railroads burdened them with high taxes, voters turned against state aid. 但連詞可以連接兩套完整主謂賓图甜。

They are convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes;?voters turned against aid. ‘;’也可以

The jaw joint?of carnivores has the mechanical advantage, _ allowing the jaw to close with tremendous speed. 無(wú)頭句后置黑毅，‘,’后面沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，缺的主語(yǔ)是‘,’前的主語(yǔ)

Furnished with stabilizing devices, some of which impair its aesthetics, the bridge has been reopened. ?‘some of which’無(wú)法作為主語(yǔ)枕面，此前也沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)潮秘，故主語(yǔ)是后面的‘the bridge’

While cold and dry, these?must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support those animals. ‘while’是連詞枕荞，理論上后面應(yīng)該有完整的主謂躏精〈Ｖ颍‘there be’句型的主語(yǔ)不是‘there’而是‘be’的名詞‘broad areas’狮惜。

總結(jié):

難

????1.?????倒裝: 介詞結(jié)構(gòu)+分詞結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂分離)碾篡、賓語(yǔ)开泽、主語(yǔ)

????2.?????省略: 定語(yǔ)從句穆律、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、無(wú)頭句

長(zhǎng)

????1.?????平行結(jié)構(gòu)

????2.?????多重連詞because, while, despite, even if, even though也可以當(dāng)連詞

多寫雙連詞的的句子:

... and ..., since ... .

... and ..., but ... .

..., so ..., causing that ... . (A?B?C)

練習(xí):

主干：?介詞：?并列：?賓/同位語(yǔ)：?分詞：?連詞：?無(wú)頭句：? ? ? ??

1.Continuous alternation of the crust by erosion and also by volcanic and metamorphic process makes unlikely any discovery of rocks nearly as old as Earth.

主謂分離： continuous alternation ... makes ...

賓語(yǔ)倒裝： makes unlikely any discovery

make ??adj. ????A

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： and

介詞結(jié)構(gòu)： of the crust, by erosion, by volcanic, of rocks nearly as old as Earth

3s版本： 持續(xù)改變使發(fā)現(xiàn)巖石不可能

2.The absence of an oxygen atmosphere on Mars and other planets in our solar system means that these planets also lack an ozone shield that would protect surface-dwelling life from UV radiation.

ultraviolet 紫外線, infrared 紅外線, protect A from B 保護(hù)A免受B的影響

主謂分離： the absence ... means ...

定語(yǔ)從句： ozone shield that ...

句式總結(jié)： sth. means that 主謂賓 that 謂賓

3s版本： 氧氣層缺失意味著行星缺少臭氧防護(hù)層

3.Historian Frederic Lane observes that after the loss of ships in battle in the late sixteenth century, the shipbuilding industry no longer had capacity to recover that it had displayed at the start of the century.

定語(yǔ)從句及省略：recover that it當(dāng)中的that指代前文的capacity, that和it之間省略一個(gè)that, 省略的這個(gè)that作為定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞修飾前文

3s版本： 造船業(yè)無(wú)法展現(xiàn)出世紀(jì)初的能力

4.The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in 1850s strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture.

The dramatic expansion?ofthe railroad network in1850s strained the financing capacity?oflocal governments and(the dramatic expansion) required a turn toward private investment, whichhad never been absent fromthe picture.

strain=burden 使...負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： and required之間省略主語(yǔ)

定語(yǔ)從句： which ...修飾前面的private investment

3s版本： 鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)急劇擴(kuò)張使財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重, 同時(shí)向私人投資求助

5.Beyond the costs that can be associated with such measurable characteristics as age and residential location are those that are psychic in nature.

be associated with=be link to=have ... to do with ... 和...相關(guān)

those指代前面的costs

句式總結(jié)： Beyond ... that A are those that B

本句語(yǔ)法是狀語(yǔ)提前的倒裝辅髓，如Here comes the bus

3s版本： 除了可以被量化的成本之外還有一些心理因素相關(guān)的成本

6.Although discharges follow one another almost continuously throughout the life of the fish, their power level is much too low to be detected by human handlers but potent enough to create a stable electric field around the body of fish.

too ... to 太 ... 而不能 ...

看見(jiàn)although和but前半部分腰斬

句式總結(jié)： Although 主謂賓, 主謂賓 but 主謂賓

3s版本： 雖然他們放電少，但是可以形成穩(wěn)定電場(chǎng)

7.Grown for their seeds or kernels, cereals are excellent sources of energy: although they lack some amino acids, as well as calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, they provide starch and oil, and in some cases, considerable amounts of protein.

無(wú)頭句：grown ...前面缺主語(yǔ)

as well as=and但是as well as后面只能加名詞

句式總結(jié)： 謂賓, 主謂賓: although 主謂賓, 主謂賓

3s版本： 谷類是極好的能量來(lái)源

8.Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish, but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted, such as during extended periods of drought.

gulp 吞咽

3s版本： 肺充當(dāng)輔助呼吸器官

9.Paper-making spread quickly to Egypt - and eventually to Sicily and Spain - but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners.

supplant=replace 取代

句式總結(jié)： 主謂賓, but主謂賓 before主謂賓

?? ‘表of 主’是名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)凯沪，可用于because of后妨马，其表示的內(nèi)容等價(jià)于主系表

3s版本： 紙張取代羊皮紙花了很久

10.Once Chinese immigrants began to establish nuclear families and produce a second generation, instituting household production similar to that established by Japanese immigrants, their socioeconomic attainment soon paralleled that of Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

once 一旦

attainment收獲

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： families and produce省略Chinese immigrants

無(wú)頭句： instituting前面缺少主語(yǔ)

介詞結(jié)構(gòu)： similar to that和...相似

代詞： their socioeconomic的their指的是Chinese immigrants

that of Japanese的that指的是Japanese immigrants

同義替換： institute=build=set up=establish=building-up建立

?? second generation=descendants

句式總結(jié)： Once 主謂賓, 謂賓, 主謂賓

3s版本： 中國(guó)移民和后代獲得的東西跟日本移民和后代獲得的東西差不多

11.Although in most professional productions the changes that occur in performance from one night to another are so subtle that only an expert would notice, the fact is that each night’s presentation is unique, and everyone including the audience, the cast, and those behind the scenes knows it.

so subtle that... 太小以至于被忽視

句式總結(jié)： Although ..., the fact is that

3s版本： 每天晚上表演不一樣，所有人都能看到改變

12.Ecologistswho work in different regions of the world observe tremendous local variation in tree height, canopy structure, and abundance of vines, depending on the site conditions of soil, climate, slope elevation, and local disturbance.

無(wú)頭句： ..., depending on ...

3s版本： 生態(tài)學(xué)家觀察到巨大本地差異

13.The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM(the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement) than in NREM(the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.

because用于句首液荸，后面主句需要用 ’,’, ?放在句中 主句后的because前面不加

句式總結(jié)： The amount of 比較對(duì)象 is even lower in A than in B because, although ..., ... .

3s版本： 對(duì)于空氣交換量，REM比NREM少

14.The multiplication of standardized texts altered the thinking habits of Europeans by freeing individuals from having to memorize everything that they learned; it certainly made possible the speedy and inexpensive dissemination of knowledge.

‘;’連接兩個(gè)完整的句子绊困，前后內(nèi)容取同

free sb. from doing 不用再做

dissemination 傳播

speedy 迅速的

看到it, 往后找to do sth. 或者that引導(dǎo)的從句秤朗，如果有主語(yǔ)在后面取视，如果沒(méi)有則代之前一句的主語(yǔ)常挚，本句是multiplication

賓語(yǔ)倒裝: make possible sth. = make sth. possible sth.長(zhǎng)用前者奄毡，短用后者

3s版本： 文本增加改變思考習(xí)慣

15.In a species-rich ecosystem, diseases may spread more slowly, because most species will be relatively less abundant, thus increasing the average distance between individuals of the same species and hampering disease transmission among individuals.

thus 所以

無(wú)頭句： increasing和hampering兩個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句首引導(dǎo)無(wú)頭句

3s版本： 疾病可能傳播的緩慢

16.The first type is long-term forecasting, in which the probability of an earthquake along a particular segment of a certain time interval is calculated by studying seismic gaps and historical records of earthquakes that have occurred along that fault segment.

fault 斷層

介詞結(jié)構(gòu)： of an earthquake, along a particular segment, of a certain time interval這三個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致主謂分離

in which是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)但是用法等于that

of a certain time interval 一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間段

by studying seismic gaps 地震空白帶, of earthquakes

3s版本： 第一類是長(zhǎng)期預(yù)測(cè)锐秦，根據(jù)地震記錄計(jì)算概率

17.Additionally, the villages and towns of Egypt, all of which were situated near the Nile on the river’s narrow flood plain, had approximately equal access to the river and the villages and towns did not have to compete among themselves for water as their contemporaries in Mesopotamia were forced to do.

have access to + n./do 有能力去...

compete for 爭(zhēng)奪

contemporaries 同時(shí)期的東西酱床，本句中作為the villages and town的同意替代

介詞結(jié)構(gòu)： of which, in which, on which, upon which都是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝修飾前面的名詞

連詞結(jié)構(gòu)： as可以做連詞也可以做介詞

as + 句子做連詞表示依照You ought to do as he tells you.

as + ...做連詞表示當(dāng)...時(shí)候She was cooking as I arrived home.

as + ... ...做連詞表示隨著As the sun rose the fog dispersed.

as + ..., ... 做連詞表示因?yàn)?/i>As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.

adj. + as + 從句做連詞表示雖然/盡管Happy as they were, there was something missing.

as+n.當(dāng)介詞表示作為I really value him as a friend.

as+n.當(dāng)介詞表示如同/像 The old woman was dressed as a young lady

as+n.當(dāng)副詞表示例如There are lots of famous building as the Eiffel Tower and the Arch of Triumph

as做副詞表示和...一樣固定搭配as adj. as ... 和...在adj.一樣 He runs as fast as me.

3s版本： 村莊有平等使用河流的權(quán)力扇谣，他們不需要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)水源

18.From a plant’s evolutionary viewpoint, it was also a land of opportunity, free of competitors and predators and full of carbon dioxide and sunlight, the raw materials for photosynthesis, which are present in far higher concentrations in air than in water.

free of A, full of B

無(wú)頭句： it是指代沒(méi)有實(shí)際含義, 放在句首引導(dǎo)無(wú)頭句, 本句中指代land

, free 也是無(wú)頭句的一種形式

同位語(yǔ)： the raw materials指代了前面的carbon dioxide and sunlight

定語(yǔ)從句： which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的the raw materials

3s版本： 這是充滿機(jī)會(huì)的一片土地

19.Coins also provide a valuable source of written records: they can reveal information about the location where they are found, which can provide evidence about trade practices there, and their inscriptions can be informative about the issuing authority, whether they were city-states or sole rulers.

Coins also provide a valuable source?ofwritten records: they can reveal information aboutthe location wherethey are found, whichcan provide evidence abouttrade practices there, andtheir inscriptions can be informative aboutthe issuing authority, whether they were city-states or sole rulers.

inscriptions 銘文/刻紋

issue 發(fā)行

whether ... or ... 無(wú)論是...還是...

3s版本： 硬幣提供書(shū)面記錄的有價(jià)值來(lái)源

20.It means that photosynthesis, the process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon compounds necessary for life, can only occur in surface waters where the light intensity is sufficiently high.

use用法： use n. to do 用n.做Plants use the energy of sunlight to produce the organic carbon compounds.

used to do sth. 過(guò)去常常做某事 I used to play basketball when I was young.

be used to sth./doing sth. 習(xí)慣于做某事, 其中to是介詞 They are used to swimming in the river nearby.

be used for 被當(dāng)作 They are used for writing.

be of use 有用的 The dictionary is of great use to the students

make use of sth. 利用/使用 We must make great use of our time to study.

be in use 在使用中 The room is in use until night

out of use 停用 The site has been out of use for many years

in use 使用中 If this is not in use, I’d like to borrow it.

use up 耗盡 I used up my reserves.

be used up The present oil reserves might be used up by the end of the next century.

make full use of 充分利用 In this way, we can make full use of water.

3s版本： 光合作用只能發(fā)生在地表水

21.They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, and by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of dry season.

3s版本： 他們有一些抵抗干旱適應(yīng)性的方法

22.The presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that, while(the Beringian landscape) cold and dry, there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herds of mammoth, horse, and bison.

must have been 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)

寫作時(shí)運(yùn)用多連詞，最好一正一負(fù)

從句做連詞：while這里做了無(wú)頭句的省略, there be的主語(yǔ)不是there, 是be后面的broad areas。這里的while還可以換成though遮精，最終表達(dá)的意思相同

3s版本： 草食動(dòng)物的存在導(dǎo)致A認(rèn)為這的植物多

23.The implication is that the forest that did remain was changing to relatively more junipers, a tree that is more fire resistant, better able to reproduce in open settings, and less desirable for construction than pinon.

implication 含義

less desirable for 不適合

The implication is that = It implies that

同位語(yǔ)從句：a tree前面省略一個(gè)that, 整體作為同位語(yǔ), 進(jìn)一步解釋junipers

定語(yǔ)從句： forest后面一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾

a tree后面一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： a tree that is more fire resistant, better able to reproduce in open settings, and less desirable for construction than pinon這三個(gè)是平行結(jié)構(gòu)共同修飾a tree ?

3s版本： 森林變成更多的junipers

24.In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be 第一個(gè)and連接前后兩套主謂, 第二個(gè)and后面進(jìn)行了平行結(jié)構(gòu)的省略, 省略了the plant has its, than是一個(gè)比較級(jí)連接兩套同類型不同程度的句子

虛擬語(yǔ)氣： if they were carried by the wind only 虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望囊蓝、猜疑聚霜、建議, 一定與事實(shí)相反

與現(xiàn)在相反 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式be動(dòng)詞用were

與過(guò)去相反 過(guò)去完成式have been done

與將來(lái)相反 過(guò)去式should/were to+v.

同義替換： distribute, disperse, carry表示擴(kuò)散傳遞

3s版本： 授粉者從開(kāi)花植物獲得食物, 而且開(kāi)花植物的種子傳遞更有效

25.Industries with high concentrations of employment in urban areas, where a worker’s change of employer dose not necessarily require investing in a change of residence, appear to have higher rates of job turnover than industries concentrated in non-metropolitan areas do.

同義替換： metropolitan意為大都市, urban areas和non-metropolitan areas取反

turnover表示周轉(zhuǎn), ?job turnover表示離職和a worker’s change of employer是同義替換, ?句末的do也代之離職

定語(yǔ)從句： 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間加入了定語(yǔ)從句where a worker’s change of employer dose not necessarily require investing in a change of residence從而產(chǎn)生主謂分離

3s版本： 城市的離職率更高

26.The transition to gardens, fields, and pastures was probably gradual, the natural outgrowth of a long familiarity with the environmental requirements, growth cycles, and reproductive mechanisms of whatever plants and animals humans liked to eat, ride, or wear.

outgrowth=result 結(jié)果

同位語(yǔ)從句：the natural outgrowth進(jìn)一步修飾前面的transition

3s版本： 轉(zhuǎn)移是逐漸的

27.The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

介詞結(jié)構(gòu)： in order to+v.=so as to+v.≈for+n. 為了...

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： excavated depressions, modified natural depressions, plugged up leaks plugged up=blocked堵住

定語(yǔ)從句： which collected rain...修飾reservoirs

3s版本： Maya做...為了創(chuàng)建蓄水池

28.As more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.

catalogue=record=document 記錄

strata(復(fù)數(shù)) stratum(單數(shù)) 地層

bacteria bacterium 細(xì)菌

media medium 媒體

data datum 數(shù)據(jù)

become包含越來(lái)越的含義

句式總結(jié)： As/Because ..., it become clear that ...(因) and/thus ...(果)

3s版本： 石頭不靠譜

29.The second hypothesis emphasizes the food-web aspect, suggesting that strong freshwater runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating the production of microscopic marine plants and permitting more rapid development and better survival of starfish larvae.

runoff 徑流

coastal 沿海的

無(wú)頭句： suggesting 引導(dǎo)無(wú)頭句, 當(dāng)作認(rèn)為翻譯, 主語(yǔ)是hypothesis

stimulating permitting是由and并列的兩個(gè)無(wú)頭句, 主語(yǔ)是freshwater

3s版本： 猜想二強(qiáng)調(diào)了食物網(wǎng)絡(luò)情報(bào)

30.Over a period of decades, dark-colored forms became an increasingly large fraction of some populations and dark-colored forms eventually came to dominate peppered moth populations in certain areas - especially those of extreme industrialization such as the Ruhr Valley of Germany and the Midlands of England.

3s版本： 黑色類型變得越來(lái)越多占比越來(lái)越大

31.For example, in traditional architecture, stone or brick walls served a structural role, but in a steel-beam building the walls were essentially hung from the internal skeleton of steel beams, which meant that walls and corners no longer needed to be solid but could be opened up in unexpected ways.

hung from 掛在...上面

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： but前后取反, but后面更重要

定語(yǔ)從句： which meant修飾前面整句話的內(nèi)容

3s版本： 石磚墻不再當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)了

32.The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, and the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.

fecund soils和black loams是同義改寫

be tempting to 很對(duì)...有吸引力

plagued with=trouble with=suffer from 受到...困擾

sterile land 不毛之地

3s版本： 西部有很多魅力

33.Since birds and crocodiles share a common ancestor, the simplest explanation for the characteristics they share, such as nest building and some form of parental care, is that they evolved only once - that these attributes were present in their common ancestor and passed on to its descendants.

characteristics=attributes

3s版本： 最簡(jiǎn)單的解釋是它們只進(jìn)化了一次

34.As soon as the hunter or hunters seize their prey, they lose interest in all other grazers, since then they, too, must concentrate on eating, at which point the herd stops running, those who were left behind rejoin the group, and they all resume grazing.

as soon as=as long as=when 當(dāng)

grazer=herd

graze=eat

seize 抓住

since then=after that 從那時(shí)起

句式總結(jié)： As soon as ..., ..., since then ...

3s版本： 捕食者喪失興趣

35.The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance, such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary.

facilitate=led to 原文句型還可變化為led to A and to B

shipment=transportation

句式總結(jié)： The growth of A facilitated B and C, such D, E

3s版本： 商人間的互相信任促進(jìn)信用銷售的增長(zhǎng)

36.Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

assessment 評(píng)估

perceptual 感性的

3s版本： 既不能過(guò)度概括又不只依賴一兩個(gè)研究

37.Although literacy appeared independently in several parts of the prehistoric world, the earliest evidence of writing is the cuneiform Sumerian script on the clay tables of ancient Mesopotamia, which, that archaeological detective work has revealed, had its origins in the accounting practices of commercial activity.

literacy=writing=script=accounting

3s版本： 最早的證據(jù)源于S的記錄

38.The merchants were also indicated by markings on some vases, whereby a signature sign or abbreviation indicated to which exporter or importer in the receiving city the pottery was destined.

vase 花瓶

whereby=by which

indicate to do/sth./that

be destined to 被運(yùn)送往to which exporter or importer in the receiving city被前置了, 正常語(yǔ)序是destined to which exporter or importer in the receiving city

句式總結(jié)： ..., whereby ...

3s版本： 商人也用標(biāo)記表示

39. Among them were a large number of nonconformists whose religious principles encouraged thrift and industry rather than luxurious living and who tented to pour their profits back into their business, thus providing the basis for continued expansion.

nonconformists 不遵守傳統(tǒng)的人

句式總結(jié)： Among them were a large number of A whose ... and which ...

3s版本： 他們之中有一些好人

40.On January 9th , urged on by Brazilian advisers who perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, ‘I remain’.

無(wú)頭句： urged, saying的主語(yǔ)是P

3s版本： P拒絕命令

41.Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person’s performance could be monitored and evaluated; indeed, even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.

loafing effect 游手好閑

3s版本： 監(jiān)督能消除游手好閑

42.These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.

平行結(jié)構(gòu)： 第一個(gè)and平行transport和move, 第二個(gè)and平行vessels和lignin省略了相同的主語(yǔ)these include

無(wú)頭句： helping引導(dǎo)一個(gè)無(wú)頭句, 其主語(yǔ)是前面的lignin

指代： it指代plant body

3s版本： 這些包括導(dǎo)管

43.Early predatory animals were probably not very sophisticated, so some evolving animals that later might have been eliminated by predation were given a chance to survive, making the beginning of the Cambrian period a window of opportunity for many different adaptations to establish themselves in the environment.

there be的主語(yǔ)是be后面的內(nèi)容

3s版本： 一些動(dòng)物幸存了

44.Hierarchies that did not exist in earlier foraging groups but that were helpful in structuring cooperative labor and in organizing more-complex technologies probably became established, even before domestication and agriculture, as pre-Neolithic societies(before the tenth millennium BCE) reacted to the population increase.

as有連詞介詞兩種用法, 連詞后跟句子, 介詞后面跟名詞, 此處后面是句子所以當(dāng)連詞理解表示當(dāng)什么時(shí)候

3s版本： H已經(jīng)建立起來(lái)了

45.Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

a stain of=a kind of一種

just as had many previous attempts的完整表達(dá)是many previous attempts had fade from sight, as had n. -省略+倒裝

連詞： though=although盡管, 看到這個(gè)詞就開(kāi)始腰斬, 后半部分是重點(diǎn), though前面的內(nèi)容是主語(yǔ)倒裝, 其正常語(yǔ)序是imagine may be difficult

無(wú)頭句： dating的主語(yǔ)是前面many previous attempts

3s版本： 一些觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為有聲電影會(huì)消失

46.Although the failure of agriculture to keep up with the growing population did not become a crisis until the fourteenth century, clear signs of the problem had already emerged by the middle of the thirteenth century, when occasionally low yields due to bad weather or social disruption revealed how perilous the balance between Europe’s population and its food supply had become.

the balance between A and B had become perilous

perilous =dangerous

連詞： although句內(nèi)取反, 讓句子腰斬

介詞結(jié)構(gòu)： although后面的句子由于of to with這些介詞結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝導(dǎo)致主謂分離, until=before, not until=after

3s版本： 人口農(nóng)業(yè)問(wèn)題的明顯跡象已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)

47.No group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years age, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales that we know today.

indefinitely 永恒的

3s版本： 沒(méi)有任何物種永垂不朽

48.The principality has also been considered fortunate because its early rulers, descending from the youngest son of Alexander Nevskii and thus representing a junior princely branch, found it expedient to devote themselves to their small holdings instead of neglecting them for more ambitious undertakings elsewhere.

expedient 權(quán)宜之計(jì)

found it expedient to devote themselves中it是形式賓語(yǔ), 真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的to devote

3s版本： 公國(guó)被認(rèn)為很幸運(yùn)

49.In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.

the myriad of=the multiplicity of

laissez-faire 政府不管, 放任自由

3s版本： 大家都特別公平

50.Regardless of the fact that there are a number of good motion pictures brought out, it is true that there are some which, although photographically good, are poor because the manufacturer, being familiar with the picture and the plot, does not take into consideration that the film was not made for him but for the audience.

motion pictures=films

最后一行的him指代上文manufacturer

bring out 提出

同位語(yǔ)從句：fact后面加了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明, idea motion后面有that引導(dǎo)的從句也類似

主語(yǔ)倒裝fact不上重點(diǎn), 重點(diǎn)是that后面的從句

賓語(yǔ)從句： take into consideration that這里出現(xiàn)了賓語(yǔ)倒裝, 正常語(yǔ)序是take sth. into consideration, 由于sth.太長(zhǎng)所以倒裝后置

句式總結(jié)： Regardless of the fact that ..., it is true that ..., because ... .

3s版本： 一些片挺爛