Pfeffer教授發(fā)射了詳實(shí)的炮彈
工作使人虛弱棍辕，縮短人的壽命余佛，這是斯坦福商學(xué)院教授Jeffrey Pfeffer一本犀利的書中提出的觀點(diǎn)罩抗。這種觀點(diǎn)顯然早已過(guò)時(shí)滨嘱。健康與安全法規(guī)有助于解釋峰鄙，為何1970到2015年間，美國(guó)工作場(chǎng)所事故死亡人數(shù)下降了65%太雨。但一個(gè)問(wèn)題仍然存在：壓力吟榴。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)名為“美國(guó)工作場(chǎng)所意見(jiàn)”的調(diào)查，高達(dá)80%的美國(guó)工作者在工作中承受著高壓囊扳。接近一半的人認(rèn)為自己太過(guò)虛弱吩翻，需要幫助。
至少企業(yè)也注意到了這個(gè)問(wèn)題锥咸，華信惠悅（現(xiàn)隸屬于韜钕料梗惠悅的咨詢公司）2008年一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，48%的組織認(rèn)為工作壓力影響工作表現(xiàn)搏予。但只有5%的員工表示他們?yōu)榫徑鈮毫ψ隽藝L試熊锭。
Pfeffer先生的書關(guān)注的是問(wèn)題看來(lái)尤為嚴(yán)重的美國(guó)。一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雪侥，55%的員工在晚上11點(diǎn)后登陸郵箱（與之相對(duì)碗殷，法國(guó)一項(xiàng)新的法律賦予員工工作時(shí)間結(jié)束后不看郵件的權(quán)利）；59%的員工在假日登陸郵箱速缨，這還是他們確實(shí)有休假的情況下锌妻。超過(guò)半數(shù)的美國(guó)工作者沒(méi)有完全使用法定假期⊙總之仿粹，Pfeffer先生估計(jì)，工作相關(guān)問(wèn)題可能是每年造成多達(dá)12萬(wàn)美國(guó)人死亡的原因原茅。通過(guò)與歐洲的情況對(duì)比牍陌，一半左右的死亡本可避免。
歐洲記錄較好的一個(gè)原因是提供普遍的全民醫(yī)療服務(wù)员咽。Pfeffer先生認(rèn)為毒涧，美國(guó)工作死亡率更高最重要的原因在于全民醫(yī)保的缺位，即使企業(yè)提供醫(yī)保，通常也十分有限契讲。一項(xiàng)調(diào)查估計(jì)仿吞，因?yàn)闆](méi)有保險(xiǎn)，工作年齡的成年人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了25%捡偏。很多參保員工也只有有限的保障唤冈。2015年蓋洛普調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，接近1/3的美國(guó)人因?yàn)橘M(fèi)用原因推遲了前一年的醫(yī)療银伟。這對(duì)企業(yè)并無(wú)好處你虹，身體欠佳的工作者生產(chǎn)力較低，更傾向于離職彤避，意味著員工流失率更高傅物。
Pfeffer先生也批評(píng)了美國(guó)的工作文化，美國(guó)企業(yè)相比其他國(guó)家裁員更快琉预。他說(shuō)董饰，“員工的恐懼、疏離感和努力減少往往會(huì)抵消工資削減帶來(lái)的正面影響”圆米。而且一旦失業(yè)卒暂，健康問(wèn)題可能隨之而來(lái)。即使控制吸煙娄帖、飲酒和肥胖等因素也祠，失去工作的美國(guó)人患心臟病的可能性也要高出22%。
Pfeffer先生認(rèn)為零工經(jīng)濟(jì)的崛起使事態(tài)更加惡化近速。自由職業(yè)者不太可能參加醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)齿坷，由于收入不穩(wěn)定和工作時(shí)間不規(guī)律，他們也可能承受更多壓力数焊。廣義地說(shuō)，賦予個(gè)人更多自主和控制權(quán)的工作崎场，在增加動(dòng)力的同時(shí)佩耳，也使人更健康，Mr Pfeffer如此寫道谭跨。
許多人會(huì)認(rèn)為Pfeffer先生夸大其詞干厚，他提出的一些問(wèn)題植根于整個(gè)社會(huì)，并非只有商業(yè)領(lǐng)域如此螃宙。醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)體系的設(shè)計(jì)出于政治選擇蛮瞄，而非商業(yè)取舍。經(jīng)濟(jì)下行造成失業(yè)率普遍上升谆扎，也非個(gè)別企業(yè)之過(guò)挂捅。當(dāng)失業(yè)率像今日般創(chuàng)下歷史新低，處于“非雇即走”文化中的工作者壓力會(huì)有所減輕堂湖。就像零工經(jīng)濟(jì)使一些人工作缺少保障一樣闲先，對(duì)另一些人來(lái)說(shuō)卻意味著對(duì)工作生活更大的控制權(quán)状土。還有一些行為，如美國(guó)人不愿休假等伺糠，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直如此蒙谓。
但Pfeffer先生呼吁人們關(guān)注壓力問(wèn)題是正確的，而且Pfeffer先生頗有說(shuō)服力的指出训桶，過(guò)去20年里累驮，工作的不安全感和無(wú)處不在的電子通訊增加了壓力。美國(guó)醫(yī)保體系的巨大改變是不可能的舵揭，因此谤专，最好寄希望于企業(yè)行為改變。
作者提到了保險(xiǎn)集團(tuán)Aetna和制造商Barry Wehmiller等公司琉朽，這些公司在不犧牲利益的情況下毒租，引入了諸如健康計(jì)劃和提高最低工資等政策。這種方式對(duì)于吉百利和朗特里等貴格會(huì)經(jīng)營(yíng)的英國(guó)甜點(diǎn)公司曾經(jīng)有效箱叁。對(duì)于重新考慮這些方法墅垮，Pfeffer先生的書是有力的論據(jù)。
原文拾粹：
Work till you drop
Professor Pfeffer fires a??fact-filled fusillade
1耕漱、fusillade?/?fju?z?'le?d/?n.一齊射擊算色，快速連續(xù)射擊，（批評(píng)等）連續(xù)猛烈的迸發(fā) v.用猛烈炮火擊落（或攻擊）
WORK can make you sick and shorten your life. That is the argument of a hard-hitting book by Jeffrey Pfeffer, a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. In an obvious way, that claim is outdated. Health-and-safety rules help explain why deaths from accidents in American workplaces fell by 65% between 1970 and 2015. But one problem has not gone away: stress. As many as 80% of American workers suffer from high levels of stress in their job, according to a survey entitled “Attitudes in the??American Workplace”. Nearly half say it is so debilitating that they need help.
2螟够、hard-hitting灾梦，有力的，深刻的妓笙，犀利的若河，直言不諱的
3、debilitating /d?'b?l?te?t??/?使虛弱寞宫，使衰弱萧福，削弱
Firms are at least aware of the issue. A study in 2008 by Watson Wyatt (a consultancy that is now part of Towers Watson) found that 48% of organisations said??job related stress affected performance. But only 5% of employers said they were doing anything to deal with the??matter.
Mr Pfeffer’s book focuses on America, where the problem seems particularly acute. One survey found??that 55% of employees log into their e-mails after 11pm (in contrast, a new French law gives employees the right to ignore e-mails after their working day has ended); 59% do so on holidays. That is, if they actually take a break at all; more than half of American workers eligible for holiday do not use all the time allotted. All told, Mr Pfeffer calculates that work-related issues may be responsible for as many as 120,000 American deaths a year. A comparison with Europe suggests that??around half of those deaths could be eliminated.
4、?All told辈赋，總共鲫忍，總計(jì)
5、?be responsible for钥屈，對(duì)...負(fù)責(zé)悟民，這里表示是...的原因，表達(dá)靈活地道
One reason for Europe’s better record is the provision of universal health care. Mr Pfeffer reckons that the absence of health insurance for all, and its often limited nature where firms do provide it, is the biggest single contributor to America’s higher work-related death rate. One survey?estimated that being uninsured increased mortality risk by 25% among working-age adults. Many insured workers have restricted cover. In 2015 a Gallup survey found that almost a third of Americans delayed medical treatment in the previous year owing to the cost. None of this is good for businesses. Workers in poor health are less productive; they also tend to leave work, meaning higher staff turnover.
6篷就、is the biggest single contributor to...射亏，是...的最重要的原因，同樣是表達(dá)原因，形式富于變化
7鸦泳、restricted cover银锻，有限的保障
8、owing to...做鹰，因?yàn)?..击纬，還是表達(dá)原因
9、staff turnover钾麸，員工流失率
Mr Pfeffer is also critical of??America’s work culture, in which firms are quicker than peers elsewhere to shed labour. “Increased employee fear, disengagement and reduced effort frequently swamp any positive direct effects that come from cutting costs by reducing the??payroll,” he argues. And if unemployment strikes, poor health may well follow. Americans who lose their jobs are 22% more likely to experience a heart attack, after controlling for factors such as smoking, drinking and obesity.
10更振、shed labour，裁員
11饭尝、swamp肯腕，n.濕地，沼澤 vt.淹沒(méi)钥平，使陷入困難实撒，忙得不可開(kāi)交 vi.淹沒(méi)，沉沒(méi)
Mr Pfeffer thinks that the??growth of the gig economy may make matters worse still. Freelance workers are less likely to have health insurance. They may also suffer higher levels of stress, over their unreliable incomes and irregular hours. Broadly?speaking, jobs that give individuals more autonomy and control increase motivation and also make individuals healthier, Mr Pfeffer writes.
12涉瘾、over...知态，由于...，又一種表示原因的方法立叛，小詞大用负敏，又如，an argument over money為了錢的爭(zhēng)吵
13秘蛇、Broadly?speaking其做，廣義地說(shuō)
Many will think Mr Pfeffer overstates his case. Some of the problems he describes are rooted in society as a whole, not business in particular. The design of health-care systems is a political choice, rather than a business one. A general rise in unemployment, caused by an economic downturn, is not the fault of individual businesses. The stress for workers of a hire-and-fire culture cuts less deep when unemployment is at record lows, as today. Much as the gig economy spells job insecurity for some, for others it means greater control of their working lives. And some behaviour, such as the unwillingness of Americans to take holidays, is long-standing.
14、society as a whole赁还，整個(gè)社會(huì)
15康栈、economic downturn耸袜，經(jīng)濟(jì)下行
16惨恭、at record lows唁奢，歷史新低
17、Much as...雖然柬焕，盡管
18、for some..., for others...梭域，對(duì)一些...斑举，對(duì)另一些...
But Mr Pfeffer is right to call attention to the problem of stress, and persuasive that job insecurity and the ubiquity of electronic communication have added to the pressure in the past 20 years. A big change in America’s??health-care system is unlikely. So the best hope may lie in a change in corporate behaviour.
19、ubiquity? /ju?'b?kw?t?/ n.無(wú)處不在病涨，隨處可見(jiàn)
作者提到了保險(xiǎn)集團(tuán)Aetna和制造商Barry Wehmiller等公司富玷，這些公司在不犧牲利益的情況下，引入了諸如健康計(jì)劃和提高最低工資等政策。這種方式對(duì)于吉百利和朗特里等貴格會(huì)經(jīng)營(yíng)的英國(guó)糖果公司曾經(jīng)有效赎懦。對(duì)于重新考慮這些方法雀鹃，Pfeffer先生的書是有力的論據(jù)。
The author cites firms such as Aetna, an insurance group, and Barry Wehmiller, a manufacturer, which have introduced policies such as wellness programmes and a higher minimum wage, without sacrificing profits. That model worked in the past for Quaker-run British confectionery businesses such as Cadbury and Rowntrees. Mr Pfeffer’s??book is a powerful argument for looking at it again.
20励两、confectionery?/k?n'fek??n?r?/?甜食（糖果黎茎、巧克力等）
譯者注：本文選自《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》（2018年7月21日）
