Authentic learning and why you can’t choreograph success
Amy Cuddy, social psychologist and Associate Professor at Harvard Business School, uses experimental methods to investigate how people judge and influence each other and themselves.
哈佛商學(xué)院的社會心理學(xué)家兼副教授艾米·卡迪（Amy Cuddy）用實驗的方法調(diào)查人們是如何判斷和影響彼此和自己的.
Her research suggests that judgments along two critical trait dimensions — warmth/trustworthiness and competence/power — shape social interactions, determining such outcomes as who gets hired and who doesn’t, when we are more or less likely to take risks, why we admire, envy, or disparage certain people, elect politicians, or even target minority groups for genocide.
她的研究表明纵朋，判斷沿著兩個關(guān)鍵特征維度——熱情/可信賴和能力/權(quán)力——塑造社會互動灼捂，決定諸如誰被雇傭，誰不被雇傭這樣的結(jié)果柴灯，當(dāng)我們或多或少地承擔(dān)風(fēng)險的時候嘱朽，我們?yōu)槭裁礆J佩润讥、嫉妒或貶低別人魄咕，選舉政治家鞋拟，甚至針對少數(shù)族裔群體進(jìn)行種族滅絕骂维。
Cuddy’s recent work focuses on how we embody and express competence and warmth, linking our body language to our feelings, physiology, and behavior. Her latest research illuminates how “faking” body postures that convey competence and power (“power posing”) — even for as little as two minutes — changes our testosterone and cortisol levels, increases our appetite for risk, causes us to perform better in job interviews, and generally configures our brains to cope well in stressful situations.
Cuddy最近的研究集中在我們?nèi)绾误w現(xiàn)表達(dá)能力和溫暖，將我們的肢體語言與我們的感覺贺纲、生理和行為聯(lián)系起來航闺。她的最新研究揭示了“假裝”身體姿勢是如何傳遞能力和力量的，哪怕只有兩分鐘，也會改變我們的睪酮和皮質(zhì)醇水平潦刃，增加我們對風(fēng)險的欲望侮措，使我們在求職面試中表現(xiàn)得更好，而且一般來說乖杠。它們還可以調(diào)節(jié)我們的大腦以應(yīng)付緊張的情況分扎。
In short, as David Brooks summarized the findings, “If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully.” Ultimately, Cuddy's research suggests that when people feel personally powerful, they become more present: better connected with their own thoughts and feelings, which helps them to better connect with the thoughts and feelings of others. Presence — characterized by enthusiasm, confidence, engagement, and the ability to connect with and even captivate an audience — boosts people's performance in a wide range of domains.
簡而言之，正如David Brooks總結(jié)的結(jié)果胧洒，“如果你表現(xiàn)的很強(qiáng)大畏吓，那么你的思維也會變得很強(qiáng)大∥缆” 最終菲饼，Cuddy的研究表明，當(dāng)人們覺得自己很有強(qiáng)大時列赎，他們變得更加強(qiáng)大：讓自己的思想和感情更好地結(jié)合巴粪，這有助于他們更好地與他人的思想和感情聯(lián)系起來。風(fēng)度——以熱情粥谬、自信肛根、投入，以及與觀眾聯(lián)系甚至是吸引觀眾的能力為特征——在很多領(lǐng)域提升人們的表現(xiàn)漏策。
Amy Cuddy: People make the mistake of making these big goals, these big sort of New Year's resolutions. And we also know that they often backfire. That, you know, by January 15 a lot of people have given up on their New Year's resolutions. Why is it that we keep making them and keep failing? Because they're so big, they're so distant and they require a million little steps in between. And each of those steps is an opportunity to fail.
Amy Cuddy：人們犯下了設(shè)立大目標(biāo)的錯誤派哲，這可以說是新年的重大決定。我們也知道這經(jīng)常適得其反掺喻。你知道芭届，到了1月15日，很多人放棄了他們的新年目標(biāo)感耙。為什么我們不斷地設(shè)立目標(biāo)又不斷放棄它呢褂乍？因為它們太大了，它們太遙遠(yuǎn)了即硼，它們之間需要一百萬個小臺階逃片。每一步都存在失敗可能。
And they're very much outcome focused. It's not ab out how I'm going to feel, you know, tomorrow. It's I'm going to lose this much weight. I'm going to get this kind of job. I'm going to become a better public speaker. It's things like that. I'm going to run a marathon. I think a lot of research is showing us that we do much better when we focus on incremental change, on little bits of improvement.
他們非常注重結(jié)果只酥。你知道褥实，這不是明天我感覺將會怎么樣。而是我將會失去這么多東西裂允。我將得到這樣的工作损离。我要成為一個更好的演說家。事情就是這樣绝编。我要參加馬拉松比賽僻澎。我認(rèn)為很多研究表明貌踏，當(dāng)我們專注于漸進(jìn)的變化、改進(jìn)的點點滴滴時窟勃，我們會做得更好祖乳。
We're not focused on the outcome. So we're not focused on the grade or did you get the job or not. And you're not focused on the, you know, big New Year's resolution. You're just focused on the process in this next moment that's coming up. And that allows you to grow a little bit over time to not think of each of these steps as an opportunity to fail. And eventually, you know, in aggregate you get there. You may not even realize it until one day you turn around and say wow, this thing is much easier for me now than it was a year ago.
我們沒有關(guān)注結(jié)果。所以我們不關(guān)注成績或者你是否得到了這份工作拳恋。你并沒有集中精力在新年新年目標(biāo)上。你只關(guān)注下一刻即將到來的過程砸捏。這會讓你一點一點的成長谬运，不要以為每一步都是失敗的可能。最終垦藏，你總能到達(dá)那里梆暖。直到有一天，你轉(zhuǎn)身說掂骏，哇轰驳，這件事對我來說比一年前容易多了。
I think Carol Dweck's work on growth versus fixed mindsets, to me that's the most important work around this idea of self-nudging. Carol Dweck's idea is that when you have kids focus on school tasks not as opportunities to win or fail but as, you know, challenges that will allow them to stretch and grow, that's a growth mindset. They do much better. You build children who are resilient and strong and actually enjoy school and end up doing well. You build children who thrive.
我認(rèn)為Carol Dweck對增長與固定心態(tài)的研究弟灼，對我來說级解，這是最重要的工作圍繞這個自我輕推的想法。Carol Dweck的觀點是田绑，當(dāng)你有孩子不是把學(xué)業(yè)重點放在贏或失敗的機(jī)會上勤哗，你知道，而是放在挑戰(zhàn)上時掩驱，這會讓他們得到學(xué)習(xí)和成長芒划，這是一種成長心態(tài)。這會讓他們做得更好欧穴。你培養(yǎng)的孩子是有彈性的和強(qiáng)壯的民逼，而且很享受學(xué)校學(xué)業(yè)，并最終做得很好涮帘。你在讓孩子茁壯成長拼苍。
When kids are focused on each grade as a failure or a win, so they're very outcome focused you're not building resilient kids because people are going to fail, you know. So if they are set back by every one of those failures they don't become resilient. What I'm talking about is really the same kind of thing, you know. You change your body language, you go into that next big challenge and you feel a little bit calmer, a little bit safer. And most importantly you leave not feeling that sense of regret, not feeling like I didn't show them who I am. You leave feeling like I showed them who I am and I can accept whatever the outcome is.
當(dāng)孩子們把每一個成績都看成是失敗或勝利的時候，他們是非常注重結(jié)果的调缨，你不會建立有彈性的孩子映屋，因為他們將會失敗，你知道同蜻。因此棚点，如果他們被這些失敗所恐懼，他們就不會變得有彈性湾蔓。我所說的其實是同一件事瘫析，你懂的。你改變了你的肢體語言，你進(jìn)入了下一個大挑戰(zhàn)贬循，你感覺有點平靜咸包，有點安全。最重要的是杖虾，你不感到遺憾烂瘫，不覺得我沒有做真實的自己。你讓人感覺就像這就是我奇适，我可以接受任何結(jié)果坟比。
And that is beautiful. I would say when I look at the thousands of emails that I've gotten over the years since the TED talk. People tell me about some big challenge, you know, job interview, a test they took, confronting someone who they were having trouble with, standing up for themselves at work. And they don't talk about whether or not they won. What they talk about is how the feel when they left.
那是美麗的。我會說嚷往，當(dāng)我看到成千上萬的電子郵件葛账，我已經(jīng)獲得了多年以來的TED談話。人們告訴我一些重大的挑戰(zhàn)皮仁，你知道籍琳，面試，他們采取了測試贷祈，面對他們遇到麻煩的人趋急，在工作中振作起來。他們不談?wù)撍麄兪欠褛A了势誊。他們談?wù)摰氖钱?dāng)他們離開時的感覺
And I don't even know that they know they're doing that. But what they're telling me is I just felt so much better. I felt like myself. I felt that I could be brave. I left feeling good. And sometimes they even forget to tell me what the outcome was which I think is like – I think it's beautiful because I would much rather have a world full of people, you know, feeling that they're being themselves and able to accept an outcome even if it's negative than a world full of people who are trying to win all the time.
我甚至不知道他們自己這么做宣谈。但他們告訴我的只是：我感覺好多了。我感覺就像我自己一樣键科。我覺得我可以勇敢闻丑。我感覺很好。有時他們甚至忘了告訴我結(jié)果如何,我想是這樣的勋颖，我覺得它很美嗦嗡。因為我寧愿擁有一個充滿人的世界，你知道饭玲，感覺他們在成為自己并且能夠接受結(jié)果, 即使它比一個總是想贏全世界的人還消極
The way to kind of a healthy and happy life is not to be focused on winning. It's to be focused on having real meaningful authentic interactions and knowing that you did what you could and that you can't control everything the other person does or what they think of you. The key is that instead of managing the impression that we're making on others, we really need to manage the impression that we're making on ourselves, right. So we need to feel good about ourselves.
一種健康快樂的生活方式不是在于贏侥祭。而是專注于真正意義上的真實互動和了解你能做的，你不能控制其他人做的事情茄厘，或者他們對你的看法矮冬。關(guān)鍵是不要理會我們給別人留下的印象，我們真的需要在意的是我們給自己的感覺次哈，對吧胎署？所以我們需要自我感覺良好。
We need to feel strong. We need to believe in ourselves. And that then leads us to make a much better impression on other people. But if we're trying to choreograph an orchestrate it, you know, move your hand this way when you say this word. Nobody likes that. It comes across as inauthentic and you leave feeling like a phony.
我們需要自我感覺強(qiáng)大窑滞。我們需要相信自己琼牧。這會讓我們給別人留下更好的印象恢筝。但是如果我們試圖編排一個樂隊時，你知道巨坊，當(dāng)你這么說撬槽，但你又不這么做時。沒人喜歡這個趾撵。這是不真實的侄柔，你讓人覺得你像個騙子，表里不一
