Cis-regulatory elements
順式調(diào)控元件
(CREs). Non-coding DNA sequences that regulate transcription of genes located on the same chromosome. They include enhancers, promoters, insulators, silencing elements and tethering elements. Different classes of CREs can be identified using a combination of molecular markers, including chromatin accessibility and epigenetic modifications.
(CRE).調(diào)節(jié)位于同一染色體上的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的非編碼 DNA 序列。它們包括增強(qiáng)子陆爽、啟動(dòng)子什往、絕緣子、沉默元件和束縛元件慌闭。不同類型的 CREs 可以用分子標(biāo)記的組合來(lái)鑒定别威，包括染色質(zhì)可及性和表觀遺傳修飾躯舔。
Promoters 啟動(dòng)子
CREs located at the transcriptional start site of a gene.
位于基因轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(diǎn)的 CREs。
Enhancers 增強(qiáng)子
CREs that can activate target gene expression from a large genomic distance, ranging from several kilobases to even millions of base pairs. They can be found either upstream or downstream of the target gene promoter.
CRE 可以從很大的基因組距離激活靶基因表達(dá)省古，范圍從幾千個(gè)堿基到數(shù)百萬(wàn)個(gè)堿基對(duì)粥庄。它們可以在靶基因啟動(dòng)子的上游或下游找到。
Insulators 絕緣子
CREs that prevent an enhancer from activating a target gene when placed between the enhancer and gene promoter but not when placed outside. An insulator also refers to a boundary element that can prevent the spreading of heterochromatin into euchromatic regions.
當(dāng)放置在增強(qiáng)子和基因啟動(dòng)子之間而不是放置在外面時(shí)豺妓，阻止增強(qiáng)子激活靶基因的 CREs惜互。絕緣體也是指可以防止異染色質(zhì)擴(kuò)散到常色區(qū)域的邊界元件。
Silencer elements 消音器元件
CREs that can be located close or distal to the transcriptional start site of the target gene. Silencers are bound by repressive transcription factors to inactivate gene expression.
位于靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(diǎn)附近或遠(yuǎn)端的 CREs琳拭。沉默者與抑制性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合训堆，使基因表達(dá)失活。
Tethering elements 束縛元件
CREs that can bring together promoters and enhancers for gene activation.
CREs 可以將啟動(dòng)子和增強(qiáng)子聚集在一起進(jìn)行基因激活白嘁。
Chromatin 染色質(zhì)
A complex of DNA and histone proteins. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome.
DNA 和組蛋白的復(fù)合物坑鱼。染色質(zhì)的基本單位是核小體。
Histone modifications 組蛋白修飾
Covalent modifications to histone proteins, such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation, that take place at lysine, serine, threonine, arginine and other residues. Histone modifications are catalysed by a diverse panel of enzymes referred to as writers, removed by a different set of proteins known as erasers, and recognized by chromatin-binding proteins known as readers. Activity of CREs is directly linked to distinct histone modifications due to the activities of writers, erasers and readers.
組蛋白的共價(jià)修飾絮缅，如甲基化姑躲，乙酰化盟蚣，磷酸化，泛素化和 SUMO 化卖怜，發(fā)生在賴氨酸屎开，絲氨酸，蘇氨酸马靠，精氨酸和其他殘基奄抽。組蛋白修飾被稱為作者的多種酶催化，被稱為橡皮擦的一組不同的蛋白質(zhì)去除甩鳄，并被稱為閱讀器的染色質(zhì)結(jié)合蛋白識(shí)別逞度。CRE 的活動(dòng)直接與作者、橡皮擦和讀者的活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的不同的組蛋白修飾有關(guān)妙啃。
Epigenome 表觀基因組
The combined features that enable stable propagation of different gene expression patterns from the same genome sequence. These include methylation of DNA at cytosine bases (mC), chemical modification of the histone proteins, chromatin accessibility and higher-order chromatin structures.
能夠從同一基因組序列中穩(wěn)定繁殖不同基因表達(dá)模式的組合特征档泽。這些包括 DNA 在胞嘧啶堿基(mC)甲基化，組蛋白的化學(xué)修飾揖赴，染色質(zhì)可及性和高階染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)馆匿。
Tagmentation 標(biāo)簽
The process by which double-stranded DNA is cleaved by the transposase Tn5, creating short DNA fragments that are simultaneously tagged with PCR adapters. Tagmentation using Tn5 preferentially occurs at accessible or open chromatin and this property is used in ATAC-seq and other related assays.
雙鏈 DNA 被轉(zhuǎn)座酶 Tn5切割的過(guò)程，產(chǎn)生同時(shí)被 PCR 接頭標(biāo)記的短 DNA 片段燥滑。使用 Tn5的標(biāo)記優(yōu)先發(fā)生在可獲得的或開(kāi)放的染色質(zhì)上渐北，這種特性用于 ATAC-seq 和其他相關(guān)的測(cè)定。
3D-chromatin organization 三維染色質(zhì)組織
Folding of the chromatin fibres inside the nucleus governs the spatial proximity between genes and CREs. While complex and variable between cells, the chromatin organization exhibits certain common features, including A/B compartments, topologically associating domains and loops.
細(xì)胞核內(nèi)染色質(zhì)纖維的折疊控制著基因和 CREs 之間的空間接近铭拧。雖然細(xì)胞之間復(fù)雜多變赃蛛，染色質(zhì)組織表現(xiàn)出某些共同特征恃锉，包括 A/B 區(qū)室，拓?fù)潢P(guān)聯(lián)域和環(huán)呕臂。
Characterizing cis-regulatory elements using single-cell epigenomics | Nature Reviews Genetics
