名師分析：2016英語全國卷（I）試卷分析-閱讀理解

前言：2016高考已然塵埃落定盟猖，拿到高考題目，每位老師的處理方式各不相同舆逃。高三老師關(guān)注哪些題目練到了或沒練到荆秦，哪些知識講到了或沒講到；高二老師關(guān)注題目難易如何癌刽，學(xué)生試做效果怎樣役首；高一老師認(rèn)真做了一遍，關(guān)注自己能拿多少分显拜。作為凝結(jié)了命題專家大量心血與智慧的高考卷衡奥，我們一做了之顯然太不劃算，高考卷可以說常做常新远荠，每做一遍都能悟到一些題目背后的東西矮固，特別是一些命題導(dǎo)向、設(shè)題原則譬淳、語篇價(jià)值档址。高考卷于一線教師而言更重要的是傳遞對教學(xué)的反撥意圖。本文即嘗試談一些對2016高考卷膚淺片面甚至粗鄙的看法邻梆，渴望拋磚引玉守伸，與廣大一線教師共同解讀高考密碼，教書育人做學(xué)問浦妄。

第Ⅰ卷

第一部分聽力理解（略）

第二部分 閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)尼摹，滿分40分)

命題分析：本部分選題通常來自英語原版書籍见芹、報(bào)紙、雜志蠢涝、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和日常生活常見的出行玄呛、產(chǎn)品、活動(dòng)和二、節(jié)日徘铝、食物、場所等的英文原版介紹資料惯吕。文體包括應(yīng)用文庭砍、議論文、記敘文混埠、說明文等怠缸。

本部分分為兩小節(jié)，第一節(jié)包括4篇閱讀材料钳宪，題材涉及人物介紹揭北、祖孫同住、干細(xì)胞運(yùn)送吏颖、沉默的文化差異等搔体。配有15道多項(xiàng)選擇題，重點(diǎn)考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力半醉、作出簡單判斷和推理的能力疚俱、理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的能力缩多、理解主旨要義的能力以及根據(jù)上下文判斷詞義的能力呆奕。

第二節(jié)閱讀材料的文體為說明文，共有5個(gè)小題衬吆，主要考查考生對文章整體的理解情況梁钾，包括語篇語義的連貫性和語篇的上下文邏輯關(guān)系等等。

第一節(jié)(共15小題逊抡；每小題2分姆泻，滿分30分)

閱讀下列短文，以每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(A冒嫡，B拇勃，C和D)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑孝凌。

A

You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?

Jane Addams(1860-1935)

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社區(qū))by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson(1907-1964)

If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 bookSilent Springraised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present)

When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(參議員) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks(1913-2005)

On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.

短文分析：本文屬于信息類文本方咆，主要考查考生快速獲取有效信息的能力。介紹了四位杰出女性以及她們的主要事跡胎许。也包含了對考生男女平等峻呛、自立自強(qiáng)的精神引領(lǐng)」家ぃ考生根據(jù)題干問題钩述，快速定位有效信息即可。

試題分析：

21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A

A. Her social work.

B. Her teaching skills.

C. Her efforts to win a prize.

D. Her community background.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力穆碎。

首先迅速找到Jane Addams段落牙勘。本段第一句“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.任何被社會(huì)工作者幫助過的人都要感謝Jane Addams∷鳎”已經(jīng)提供了足夠的暗示方面，下文的 “helped the poor and worked for peace...creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need”進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了她從事的社會(huì)工作。解本題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住題干的核心詞be noted for（因?yàn)椤┥牵苯优c本段第一句相呼應(yīng)恭金。學(xué)生出錯(cuò)是因?yàn)闆]抓住題干核心詞或沒讀懂本段第一句，還有部分學(xué)生選擇C項(xiàng)褂策，C項(xiàng)屬于明顯偷換概念横腿，它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是為了得獎(jiǎng)而付出的努力。

22. What was the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?C

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力斤寂。

首先迅速找到O’Connor段落耿焊。根據(jù)本段“she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman”可知她被拒絕是因?yàn)樗桥裕@是對女性的性別歧視遍搞。本題學(xué)生出錯(cuò)多半是因?yàn)閐iscrimination一詞不熟悉罗侯。

23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.?D

A. Jane Addams. ??B. Rachel Carson. ????C. Sandra Day O’Connor. ??D.Rosa Parks.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力。

首先找到civil-rights movement段落溪猿。根據(jù)本段“kicked off the civil-rights movement”可知它所描述的人是本段標(biāo)題中的Rosa Parks钩杰。本題的難點(diǎn)在于對句中kick off的理解，由“足球比賽的開球”引申為“（事件的）開始”诊县，熟詞生意榜苫。

24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?C

A. They are highly educated. ????B. They are truly creative.

C. They are pioneers. ??????????D. They are peace-lovers.

本小題考查考生簡單判斷和推理的能力。

題干其實(shí)是要求學(xué)生找出文中四位女性的共同點(diǎn)翎冲，但她們的事跡各不相同垂睬，共同點(diǎn)只能是從各自的事跡中推理出同類的部分。由第二段的“...Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize”,第三段的“If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today”抗悍，第四段的“...the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court”驹饺，第五段的“...kicked off the civil-rights movement”可知，她們都是自己領(lǐng)域的第一人缴渊，故“They are pioneers”赏壹。

備考建議：信息類文本屬于必考篇目，以考察學(xué)生查找事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)能力為主衔沼。備考時(shí)注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確的解題思路蝌借，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生從文中迅速定位查找特定信息的能力昔瞧。

B

Grandparents Answer a Call

As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.

“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher ofGrand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.

短文分析：本文是一篇關(guān)于人與社會(huì)問題的報(bào)道類夾敘夾議文本，通過描述部分祖父母選擇搬去和孩子們生活在一起菩佑，以便為孩子們提供幫助自晰，引發(fā)更多人的選擇與思考。包含了考查考生對某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的觀察與思考能力稍坯，同時(shí)弘揚(yáng)了愛幼與尊老的美德酬荞。題目設(shè)置上考查了獲取細(xì)節(jié)類具體信息的能力，同時(shí)也考查了考生對某個(gè)事實(shí)的理解判斷能力瞧哟』烨桑考生可根據(jù)題干問題，定位有效信息勤揩，再進(jìn)行甄別思考咧党。

試題分析：

25. Why was Garza’s move a success?A

A．It strengthened her family ties.

B．It improved her living conditions.

C．It enabled her to make more friends.

D．It helped her know more new places.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力。

根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.”可知這次搬家給他們帶來了更緊密的家庭聯(lián)系陨亡。

26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?D

A．17% expressed their support for it.

B．Few people responded sympathetically.

C．83% believed it had a bad influence.

D．The majority thought it was a trend.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力凿傅。

根據(jù)第二段結(jié)尾處“...83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.”可知83%的人認(rèn)為Mrs. Robinson的決定會(huì)影響美國家庭，2/3的人相信更多家庭會(huì)效仿数苫，所以“多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這是一種趨勢聪舒。”

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?C

A．They were unsure of themselves.

B．They were eager to raise more children.

C．They wanted to live away from their parents.

D．They had little respect for their grandparents.

本小題考查考生簡單判斷和推理的能力虐急。

根據(jù)第三段第一句“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,”可知那時(shí)的人們一心希望離家越遠(yuǎn)越好箱残、越快越好。本題出錯(cuò)主要原因在于考生對“can’t...enough表示越……越好”不熟悉止吁，而按字面理解成了“沒能力離家足夠遠(yuǎn)”被辑。

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?A

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.

D. Get to know themselves better.

本小題考查作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。

第四段首句“Moving is not for everyone”已經(jīng)說明“移居并非適合每一個(gè)人”敬惦，再結(jié)合下文“Having yourgrandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.”可知“（祖父母）得知孩子們在異地艱苦的生活盼理，是很難過的，但（祖父母）放棄自己熟悉的生活也許會(huì)更難過”俄删，所以推斷出作者建議“作選擇時(shí)要慎重宏怔，要以自己最大的需求為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。

備考建議：社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類的文本是備考的重要部分畴椰，此類文本不僅要求學(xué)生讀懂事實(shí)信息臊诊，還要理解作者的意圖態(tài)度。所以備考中注意掃清用詞句式等閱讀障礙斜脂，更要教會(huì)學(xué)生讀懂字里行間話外之音抓艳。題目設(shè)置上既關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)信息，又關(guān)注推理判斷和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度帚戳。

C

I am peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cellcourier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干細(xì)胞)in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻(xiàn)者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you — there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient — please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed (改道) me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.

For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.

短文分析：本文是一篇記敘文玷或，講述作者是一名志愿者儡首，在一次運(yùn)送干細(xì)胞時(shí)遭遇到颶風(fēng)，航班推遲偏友，在機(jī)場工作人員熱心幫助下改道Newark順利完成任務(wù)的故事蔬胯。無論是作者的志愿者身份，還是機(jī)場工作人員的無私幫助约谈，都體現(xiàn)了助人為樂予人玫瑰的積極思想。本文無論是文章內(nèi)容還是題目設(shè)置犁钟，都比較簡單棱诱。

試題分析：

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?B

A. provider ????????B. delivery man ???C. collector ??????D. medical doctor

本小題考查考生詞義猜測的能力。

根據(jù)“...I’ve done 89 trips of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box...”可知我的任務(wù)就是運(yùn)送干細(xì)胞涝动，所以猜測詞義為“運(yùn)送人員”迈勋。

30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?D

A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.

B. The donor can only wait for that long.

C. The operation needs that much time.

D. The ice won’t last any longer.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力。

根據(jù)第一段“...because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last”可知作者的兩個(gè)冰袋只能維持這么長時(shí)間醋粟。

31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?B

A. To London. ???B. To Newark. ??????C. To Providence. ???D. To Washington.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力靡菇。

根據(jù)第二段“She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed me through Newark...”可知作者途經(jīng)Newark再返回UK。此題考生出錯(cuò)主要是被“...got me back to the UK”所干擾米愿，忽視了細(xì)節(jié)厦凤。

備考建議：記敘文屬于高考必備篇目。本題型通常文本較簡單育苟，多采用第一人稱視角较鼓，給考生以身臨其境的直觀感受。題目設(shè)置上以考查具體信息為主违柏。備考時(shí)主要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀速度與精度博烂，考查學(xué)生是否能迅速抓住大意并準(zhǔn)確找到題目出處的能力和適當(dāng)結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容推理判斷等的能力。

D

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (間隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

短文分析：本文是一篇說明文漱竖。介紹了沉默在不同文化中的不同含義以及對沉默的積極利用禽篱。考查了學(xué)生對不熟悉事物的理解能力馍惹，搞清是什么躺率、為什么、怎么用万矾。同時(shí)這篇素材也是對學(xué)生跨文化交際意識培養(yǎng)的積極暗示肥照。

試題分析：

32.What does the author say about silence in conversations?C

A. It implies anger. ?????????????B. It promotes friendship.

C. It is culture-specific. ??????????D. It is content-based.

本小題考查考生把握文章大意的能力。其實(shí)就是解決“是什么”的問題勤众。

沉默是什么舆绎？根據(jù)文章前三段段首句“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups”“Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people”和“Other cultures may use silence in other ways...”可知沉默在不同文化中是有特定含義的。

33.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A

A. The Chinese. ???B. The French. ???C. The Mexicans. ????D. The Russians.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力们颜。

根據(jù)第二段最后一句“In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.”可知吕朵，這些文化中沉默代表思考猎醇。再結(jié)合上文，“這些文化”包括“Many Native Americans...some traditional Chinese and Thai persons”努溃。本題部分考生出錯(cuò)的原因是對reflection一詞詞義不熟悉硫嘶，沒能迅速找到關(guān)鍵定位詞。

34.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?D

A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.

B. Break it while treating patients.

C. Evaluate its harm to patients.

D. Make use of its healing effects.

本小題考查考生理解文中具體信息的能力梧税。

根據(jù)最后一句“A nurse who understands the healingvalue of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.”可知作者建議醫(yī)護(hù)人員要利用沉默的治愈價(jià)值沦疾。

35.What may be the best title for the text?B

A. Sound and Silence

B. What It Means to Be Silent

C. Silence to Native Americans

D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

本小題考查考生把握全文主旨大意的能力。

最佳標(biāo)題解決的還是“是什么”的問題第队，通篇都在介紹沉默的不同含義哮塞，故答案不難選出。

備考建議：說明文通常介紹的主體較陌生凳谦、話題較生疏忆畅、詞匯偏生僻，在備考中學(xué)生首要任務(wù)就是務(wù)必搞清楚文章說了什么尸执，即“是什么”家凯，有時(shí)還要明白來龍，即“為什么”如失，還可能要理解它的去脈绊诲，即“怎么用”。此類文本通常較枯燥褪贵，考驗(yàn)學(xué)生的閱讀品質(zhì)驯镊，詞匯量也是制約學(xué)生得分的重要因素。