推薦閱讀相關(guān)文章： Android M 新的運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限開發(fā)者需要知道的一切

Android M運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限是個(gè)啥東西

啥是運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限呢金踪？Android M對(duì)權(quán)限管理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了改版，之前我們的App需要權(quán)限，只需在manifest中申明即可仅胞，用戶安裝后次坡，一切申明的權(quán)限都可來去自如的使用。但是Android M把權(quán)限管理做了加強(qiáng)處理腐芍，在manifest申明了集侯，在使用到相關(guān)功能時(shí)，還需重新授權(quán)方可使用帜消。當(dāng)然棠枉，不是所有權(quán)限都需重新授權(quán)，所以就把這些需要重新授權(quán)方可使用的權(quán)限稱之為運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限泡挺。

運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限的影響

運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限的好處可以讓用戶使用時(shí)更有主動(dòng)權(quán)辈讶，不會(huì)讓app隨便亂來。
但是受害最深的卻是我們這些受苦受難的開發(fā)者娄猫，為何這么說呢贱除？如果你的app的targetSdkVersion 是23也就是android 6.0的話，遇到運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限不去做代碼處理的話媳溺，程序直接崩掉月幌。

所以，如果你的app沒有在android 6.0上做足夠的測試悬蔽，請(qǐng)不要設(shè)置targetSdk為23扯躺，22以下就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)問題。
但是蝎困，作為開發(fā)者录语，我們還是必須要與時(shí)俱進(jìn)的不是，而且以后的主流機(jī)型也必然是android M禾乘，怎么能不去適配他/她呢澎埠？繼續(xù)往下看。

哪些是運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限

要先做好適配始藕，那就必然要先了解哪些是運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限蒲稳。
先看下哪些是不用特殊處理的權(quán)限，android稱之為普通權(quán)限：
參考鏈接：http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/normal-permissions.html
As of API level 23, the following permissions are classified as PROTECTION_NORMAL:

android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION_EXTRA_COMMANDS
android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
android.permission.ACCESS_NOTIFICATION_POLICY
android.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE
android.permission.ACCESS_WIMAX_STATE
android.permission.BLUETOOTH
android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN
android.permission.BROADCAST_STICKY
android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE
android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE
android.permission.CHANGE_WIFI_STATE
android.permission.CHANGE_WIMAX_STATE
android.permission.DISABLE_KEYGUARD
android.permission.EXPAND_STATUS_BAR
android.permission.FLASHLIGHT
android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS
android.permission.GET_PACKAGE_SIZE
android.permission.INTERNET
android.permission.KILL_BACKGROUND_PROCESSES
android.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_SETTINGS
android.permission.NFC
android.permission.READ_SYNC_SETTINGS
android.permission.READ_SYNC_STATS
android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED
android.permission.REORDER_TASKS
android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES
android.permission.SET_TIME_ZONE
android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER
android.permission.SET_WALLPAPER_HINTS
android.permission.SUBSCRIBED_FEEDS_READ
android.permission.TRANSMIT_IR
android.permission.USE_FINGERPRINT
android.permission.VIBRATE
android.permission.WAKE_LOCK
android.permission.WRITE_SYNC_SETTINGS
com.android.alarm.permission.SET_ALARM
com.android.launcher.permission.INSTALL_SHORTCUT
com.android.launcher.permission.UNINSTALL_SHORTCUT

再看下運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限伍派，android稱之為危險(xiǎn)權(quán)限（google還對(duì)其分了組）：
參考鏈接：http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/permissions.html#normal-dangerous

危險(xiǎn)權(quán)限表

同一組的任何一個(gè)權(quán)限被授權(quán)了弟塞，其他權(quán)限也自動(dòng)被授權(quán)。例如拙已，一旦WRITE_CONTACTS被授權(quán)了决记，app也有READ_CONTACTS和GET_ACCOUNTS了。

------------------------------ 關(guān)鍵部分來了---------------------------------------------

代碼封裝

目前對(duì)運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限倍踪，github上也有些代碼封裝庫系宫，但是都感覺用起來太麻煩索昂，于是自己動(dòng)手封裝了下：
參考代碼（google寫的sample）：
https://github.com/googlesamples/android-RuntimePermissions；
http://developer.android.com/training/permissions/requesting.html

封裝代碼如下：

在BaseActivity添加如下代碼：

//**************** Android M Permission (Android 6.0權(quán)限控制代碼封裝) 
*****************************************************
    private int permissionRequestCode = 88;
    private PermissionCallback permissionRunnable ;
    public interface PermissionCallback{
        void hasPermission();
        void noPermission();
    }

    /**
     * Android M運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限請(qǐng)求封裝
     * @param permissionDes 權(quán)限描述
     * @param runnable 請(qǐng)求權(quán)限回調(diào)
     * @param permissions 請(qǐng)求的權(quán)限（數(shù)組類型）扩借，直接從Manifest中讀取相應(yīng)的值椒惨，比如Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS
     */
    public void performCodeWithPermission(@NonNull String permissionDes,PermissionCallback runnable,@NonNull String... permissions){
        if(permissions == null || permissions.length == 0)return;
//        this.permissionrequestCode = requestCode;
        this.permissionRunnable = runnable;
        if((Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.M) || checkPermissionGranted(permissions)){
            if(permissionRunnable!=null){
                permissionRunnable.hasPermission();
                permissionRunnable = null;
            }
        }else{
            //permission has not been granted.
            requestPermission(permissionDes,permissionRequestCode,permissions);
        }

    }
    private boolean checkPermissionGranted(String[] permissions){
        boolean flag = true;
        for(String p:permissions){
            if(ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, p) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED){
                flag = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        return flag;
    }
    private void requestPermission(String permissionDes,final int requestCode,final String[] permissions){
        if(shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(permissions)){
            // Provide an additional rationale to the user if the permission was not granted
            // and the user would benefit from additional context for the use of the permission.
            // For example, if the request has been denied previously.

//            Snackbar.make(getWindow().getDecorView(), requestName,
//                    Snackbar.LENGTH_INDEFINITE)
//                    .setAction(R.string.common_ok, new View.OnClickListener() {
//                        @Override
//                        public void onClick(View view) {
//                            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(BaseAppCompatActivity.this,
//                                    permissions,
//                                    requestCode);
//                        }
//                    })
//                    .show();
            //如果用戶之前拒絕過此權(quán)限，再提示一次準(zhǔn)備授權(quán)相關(guān)權(quán)限
            new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
                    .setTitle("提示")
                    .setMessage(permissionDes)
                    .setPositiveButton(R.string.common_ok, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                        @Override
                        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(BaseAppCompatActivity.this, permissions, requestCode);
                        }
                    }).show();

        }else{
            // Contact permissions have not been granted yet. Request them directly.
            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(BaseAppCompatActivity.this, permissions, requestCode);
        }
    }
    private boolean shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(String[] permissions){
        boolean flag = false;
        for(String p:permissions){
            if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(this,p)){
                flag = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        return flag;
    }

    /**
     * Callback received when a permissions request has been completed.
     */
    @Override
    public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions,
                                           @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
        if(requestCode == permissionRequestCode){
            if(verifyPermissions(grantResults)){
                if(permissionRunnable!=null) {
                    permissionRunnable.hasPermission();
                    permissionRunnable = null;
                }
            }else{
                showToast("暫無權(quán)限執(zhí)行相關(guān)操作潮罪！");
                 if(permissionRunnable!=null) {
                  permissionRunnable.noPermission();
                  permissionRunnable = null;
                }
            }
        }else{
            super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
        }

    }
    public boolean verifyPermissions(int[] grantResults) {
        // At least one result must be checked.
        if(grantResults.length < 1){
            return false;
        }

        // Verify that each required permission has been granted, otherwise return false.
        for (int result : grantResults) {
            if (result != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    //********************** END Android M Permission ****************************************

Tips：

1）BaseActivity要繼承AppCompatActivity
2）support包使用盡量新的康谆，我使用的是compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.0.1' 以防里面的ActivityCompat找不到相關(guān)類或方法。
3）如果在Fragment中使用嫉到，直接在自己的BaseFragment寫個(gè)方法調(diào)用此Activity的方法即可沃暗。

/**
     * Android M運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限請(qǐng)求封裝
     * @param permissionDes 權(quán)限描述
     * @param runnable 請(qǐng)求權(quán)限回調(diào)
     * @param permissions 請(qǐng)求的權(quán)限（數(shù)組類型），直接從Manifest中讀取相應(yīng)的值何恶，比如Manifest.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS
     */
    public void performCodeWithPermission(@NonNull String permissionDes,BaseAppCompatActivity.PermissionCallback runnable,@NonNull String... permissions){
        if(getActivity()!=null && getActivity() instanceof BaseAppCompatActivity){
            ((BaseAppCompatActivity) getActivity()).performCodeWithPermission(permissionDes,runnable,permissions);
        }
    }

一句代碼使用：

比如孽锥，我們要請(qǐng)求相機(jī)：

performCodeWithPermission("XX App請(qǐng)求訪問相機(jī)權(quán)限",new BaseAppCompatActivity.PermissionCallback() {
                        @Override
                        public void hasPermission() {
                            //執(zhí)行打開相機(jī)相關(guān)代碼
                        }
                        @Override
                        public void noPermission() {
                        }
                    }, Manifest.permission.CAMERA, Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE,Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);

寫在最后

• 如果讀者還是沒有看過文章開頭推薦的文章，建議先看一遍细层，有些知識(shí)和出現(xiàn)問題的場景此文沒有細(xì)說惜辑，看完后對(duì)運(yùn)行時(shí)權(quán)限會(huì)有更好的理解。
• 另外疫赎，如果本文有描述不對(duì)之處盛撑，還望大家多多指正，多謝捧搞！

===20160509更新========

checkSelfPermission檢測權(quán)限失效問題

要改成如下的檢測方案：
參考：http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33407250/checkselfpermission-method-is-not-working-in-targetsdkversion-22

public boolean selfPermissionGranted(String permission) {
        // For Android < Android M, self permissions are always granted.
        boolean result = true;

        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {

            if (targetSdkVersion >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
                // targetSdkVersion >= Android M, we can
                // use Context#checkSelfPermission
                result = context.checkSelfPermission(permission)
                        == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
            } else {
                // targetSdkVersion < Android M, we have to use PermissionChecker
                result = PermissionChecker.checkSelfPermission(context, permission)
                        == PermissionChecker.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

獲取target sdk的方法如下：

try {
        final PackageInfo info = context.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo(
                context.getPackageName(), 0);
        targetSdkVersion = info.applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion;
    } catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }

官方解決方案 EasyPermissions

google自己出了一個(gè)解決方案撵彻，在github上叫easypermissions。
鏈接為：https://github.com/googlesamples/easypermissions

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