# embedding層單詞和分詞信息
embedding = self.embedding_layer(self.word_inputs, self.seg_inputs, config)
# lstm輸入層
lstm_inputs = tf.nn.dropout(embedding, self.dropout)
# lstm輸出層
lstm_outputs = self.biLSTM_layer(lstm_inputs, self.lstm_dim, self.lengths)
# 投射層
self.logits = self.project_layer(lstm_outputs)
# 損失
self.loss = self.crf_loss_layer(self.logits, self.lengths)

tf.nn.embedding_lookup的作用就是找到要尋找的embedding data中的對(duì)應(yīng)的行下的vector痹籍。

image.png

def embedding_layer(self, word_inputs, seg_inputs, config, name=None):
    """
    :param word_inputs: one-hot編碼.其實(shí)所有字的one_hot編碼
    :param seg_inputs: 分詞特征
    :param config: 配置
    :param name: 層的命名
    :return:  shape = [word_inputs,word_dim+seg_dim]
    """
    embedding = []
    with tf.variable_scope("word_embedding" if not name else name), tf.device('/cpu:0'):
        self.word_lookup = tf.get_variable(
            name="word_embedding",
            shape=[self.num_words, self.word_dim],
            initializer=self.initializer
        )
        embedding.append(tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.word_lookup, word_inputs))

        if config['seg_dim']:
            with tf.variable_scope("seg_embedding"), tf.device('/cpu:0'):
                self.seg_lookup = tf.get_variable(
                    name="seg_embedding",
                    shape=[self.num_sges, self.seg_dim],
                    initializer=self.initializer
                )
                embedding.append(tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.seg_lookup, seg_inputs))
        embed = tf.concat(embedding, axis=-1)
    return embed

image.png

def biLSTM_layer(self, lstm_inputs, lstm_dim, lengths, name=None):
    """
    :param lstm_inputs: [batch_size, num_steps, emb_size]
    :param lstm_dim:
    :param name:
    :return: [batch_size, num_steps, 2*lstm_dim]
    為何返回是2*lstm_dim粉渠，因?yàn)槠涫请p向的lstm。每個(gè)方向的輸出為lstm_dim
    """
    with tf.variable_scope("word_biLSTM" if not name else name):
        lstm_cell = {}
        for direction in ['forward', 'backward']:
            with tf.variable_scope(direction):
                lstm_cell[direction] = rnn.CoupledInputForgetGateLSTMCell(
                    lstm_dim,
                    use_peepholes=True,
                    initializer=self.initializer,
                    state_is_tuple=True
                )
        outputs, final_status = tf.nn.bidirectional_dynamic_rnn(
            lstm_cell['forward'],
            lstm_cell['backward'],
            lstm_inputs,
            dtype=tf.float32,

            sequence_length=lengths
        )
    # 因?yàn)閱蜗虻膌stm輸出的格式為[batch_size, num_steps,lstm_dim]凌外。
    # 2表示在lstm_dim這個(gè)維度進(jìn)行拼接佑女。
    # 個(gè)人覺(jué)得outputs的輸出格式為[[batch_size, num_steps,lstm_dim],[batch_size, num_steps,lstm_dim]]
    # 即是一個(gè)list。list里面的每一個(gè)元素是單向的lstm的輸出
    return tf.concat(outputs, axis=2)

def project_layer(self, lstm_outputs, name=None):
    """
    :param lstm_outputs: [batch_size, num_steps, emb_size]
    個(gè)人覺(jué)得lstm_outputs: [batch_size, num_steps, lstm_dim * 2]  num_steps表示每個(gè)句子里面字的數(shù)量歉备。即每個(gè)批次的句子長(zhǎng)度
    :param name:
    :return: [batch_size,num_steps, num_tags]
    """
    with tf.variable_scope('project_layer' if not name else name):
        with tf.variable_scope('hidden_layer'):
            W = tf.get_variable(
                "W",
                shape=[self.lstm_dim * 2, self.lstm_dim],
                dtype=tf.float32,
                initializer=self.initializer
            )
            b = tf.get_variable(
                "b",
                shape=[self.lstm_dim],
                dtype=tf.float32,
                initializer=tf.zeros_initializer()
            )
            out_put = tf.reshape(lstm_outputs, shape=[-1, self.lstm_dim * 2])  # 得到所有的字，將所有的字最后編碼為lstm_dim長(zhǎng)度
            hidden = tf.tanh(tf.nn.xw_plus_b(out_put, W, b))

        with tf.variable_scope('logits'):
            W = tf.get_variable(
                "W",
                shape=[self.lstm_dim, self.num_tags],
                dtype=tf.float32,
                initializer=self.initializer
            )
            b = tf.get_variable(
                "b",
                shape=[self.num_tags],
                dtype=tf.float32,
                initializer=tf.zeros_initializer()
            )
            # 最后將每個(gè)字編碼為num_tags匪燕。即最后想要得到每個(gè)字屬于每個(gè)tag的概率
            pred = tf.nn.xw_plus_b(hidden, W, b)
    #  返回原始的shape蕾羊。即batch_size,num_setps,num_tags
    return tf.reshape(pred, [-1, self.num_setps, self.num_tags])

+CRF

def crf_loss_layer(self, project_logits, lenghts, name=None):
    """
    # 個(gè)人覺(jué)得是[-1, self.num_setps, self.num_tags]
    :param project_logits: [1, num_steps, num_tages]
    :param lenghts:
    :param name:
    :return: scalar loss
    聽(tīng)說(shuō)下面是固定的寫法
    """
    with tf.variable_scope('crf_loss' if not name else name):
        small_value = -10000.0
        # 下面是對(duì)于一個(gè)字。但是最后一維帽驯，比原來(lái)的標(biāo)簽長(zhǎng)度多了一個(gè)元素
        start_logits = tf.concat(
            [
                small_value * tf.ones(shape=[self.batch_size, 1, self.num_tags]),
                tf.zeros(shape=[self.batch_size, 1, 1])
            ],
            axis=-1
        )

        pad_logits = tf.cast(
            small_value *
            tf.ones(shape=[self.batch_size, self.num_setps, 1]),
            dtype=tf.float32
        )

        # 貌似是在列的位置最后拼接一個(gè)元素.所以此時(shí)project_layer層輸出的每個(gè)字最后一層多了一個(gè)元素
        # 即在最后一個(gè)維度填充了一個(gè)元素
        logits = tf.concat(
            [project_logits, pad_logits],
            axis=-1
        )
        # 此時(shí)相當(dāng)于在每個(gè)批次的龟再，每個(gè)句子開(kāi)頭位置添加了一個(gè)字
        logits = tf.concat(
            [start_logits, logits],
            axis=1
        )
        # 因?yàn)閟elf.targets.shape = [batch_size,num_steps].所以下面的操作，類似于在每個(gè)句子前面添加了一個(gè)字
        # 所以此時(shí)就和上面的填充的形狀tf.concat([start_logits, logits],axis=1)
        # 對(duì)應(yīng)了起來(lái)
        targets = tf.concat(
            [tf.cast(
                self.num_tags * tf.ones([self.batch_size, 1]),
                tf.int32
            ),
                self.targets
            ]
            ,
            axis=-1
        )
        # 每個(gè)狀態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)移矩陣
        self.trans = tf.get_variable(
            "transitions",
            shape=[self.num_tags + 1, self.num_tags + 1],
            initializer=self.initializer
        )

        log_likehood, self.trans = crf_log_likelihood(
            inputs=logits,
            tag_indices=targets,
            transition_params=self.trans,
            sequence_lengths=lenghts + 1  # 因?yàn)樯厦嬖诰渥拥拈_(kāi)頭位置添加了一個(gè)字
        )
        return tf.reduce_mean(-log_likehood)

用F1值來(lái)評(píng)估

def evaluate(sess, model, name, manager, id_to_tag, logger):
    logger.info('evaluate:{}'.format(name))
    ner_results = model.evaluate(sess, manager, id_to_tag)
    eval_lines = model_utils.test_ner(ner_results, FLAGS.result_path)
    for line in eval_lines:
        logger.info(line)
    f1 = float(eval_lines[1].strip().split()[-1])

    if name == "dev":
        best_test_f1 = model.best_dev_f1.eval()
        if f1 > best_test_f1:
            tf.assign(model.best_dev_f1, f1).eval()
            logger.info('new best dev f1 socre:{:>.3f}'.format(f1))
        return f1 > best_test_f1
    elif name == "test":
        best_test_f1 = model.best_test_f1.eval()
        if f1 > best_test_f1:
            tf.assign(model.best_test_f1, f1).eval()
            logger.info('new best test f1 score:{:>.3f}'.format(f1))
        return f1 > best_test_f1

關(guān)于調(diào)參：

• Validation loss vs Training Loss
  如果validation loss < Training Loss, 可能就過(guò)擬合了尼变。這樣就需要嘗試著降低網(wǎng)絡(luò)大小network size 或者 提高dropout的值利凑，比如0.5,0.6依次嘗試。

• 用mini batch的方法嫌术，把數(shù)據(jù)集劃分成很若干個(gè)小一點(diǎn)的集合哀澈。來(lái)調(diào)整參數(shù)：如embedding_dim, lstm_dim, learning=rate(3e-4)

這里用CRF++先跑了一遍，速度很快度气，準(zhǔn)確率在0.8左右割按，recall在0.87左右，f1在0.87多磷籍。然后用BiLSTM后接softmax來(lái)跑loss一下子降到很低适荣，感覺(jué)很容易局部過(guò)擬合现柠。BiLSTM+CRF后， loss穩(wěn)定變小弛矛，到0.15時(shí)候準(zhǔn)確率變化已經(jīng)比較少了够吩，比不接CRF的更快擬合≌擅ィ總體準(zhǔn)確率比無(wú)CRF的更高废恋。另外，迭代次數(shù)調(diào)高后扒寄，準(zhǔn)確率也會(huì)提高一點(diǎn)鱼鼓。