本文節(jié)選自《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》2020.3.14期Science & technology版塊的一篇文章《Why turtles eat plastic》队秩，介紹了海龜為什么會(huì)吃塑料袋的新研究

本文總共6段庄涡，建議大家先自主閱讀原文，再學(xué)習(xí)精讀筆記题禀。

文末會(huì)總結(jié)此次學(xué)習(xí)寫作可以使用的詞句鞋诗，讀者也可自己總結(jié)。會(huì)定期將內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)迈嘹，做成word分享削彬，希望大家也能堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)

1

Turtles?have an unfortunate habit of devouring?plastic objects floating in the sea. These thenget snared in their alimentary canals, cannot?be broken down?by the animals’ digestive enzymes and may?ultimately?kill them.?It is widely assumed that?this?penchant for?plastics?is?a matter of mistaken identity. Drifting plastic bags, for instance, look similar to?jellyfish, which many types of turtles love to eat. Yet lots of plastic objects that?end up inside turtles?have no resemblance to jellyfish. Joseph Pfaller of the University of Florida therefore suspects that something more complicated is going on. As he writes in Current Biology, he thinks that the?odorof marine microorganisms which?colonize?floating plastic objects?induces turtles to feed.

have an unfortunate habit of：有一個(gè)不幸的習(xí)慣

devour：to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry【詞匯積累】

get snared in their alimentary canals：殘留在消化系統(tǒng)中，可以記住be snared in這個(gè)詞組秀仲。snare意為伴住融痛，纏住，be snared in意為被纏住神僵，alimentary canals表示消化系統(tǒng)【詞組積累】

be broken down：被分解雁刷，A be broken down into sth，A被分解成……保礼，文中指的是塑料物在消化系統(tǒng)中無法被分解【詞組積累】

ultimately：最終

It is widely assumed that?……：人們普遍認(rèn)為沛励，assume釋義為認(rèn)為，to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it【句式】

penchant for：喜好某事【詞匯積累】

sth is?a matter of mistaken identity：a matter of表示“……的問題”炮障，mistaken identity認(rèn)錯(cuò)身份目派，弄錯(cuò)身份。文中是指海龜喜歡吃塑料是認(rèn)錯(cuò)【詞匯積累】

jellyfish：水母

end up inside turtles：最終落在海龜肚中

have no resemblance to jellyfish：和水母不像胁赢，have no resemblance to sth與某物不相像址貌，look similar to sth則表示與某物相似。【詞組積累】

odor：氣味

colonize：~ sth（在某一地區(qū)）聚居徘键，大批生長(zhǎng)to live or grow in large numbers in a particular area练对。Colonize?后面的名詞可表示地點(diǎn)。【詞匯積累】

induces turtles to feed：induce sb to do sth誘使某人做某事吹害，這里和下一段中的lure sb to do sth是相似的意思螟凭，lure animals to their doom引誘動(dòng)物步入死亡，doom表示厄運(yùn)它呀，毀滅和死亡【詞組積累】

海龜有吞食漂浮在海上的塑料物的不幸習(xí)慣螺男。這些塑料物殘留在消化系統(tǒng)中棒厘，無法被消化酶分解，最終可能會(huì)殺死他們下隧。人們普遍認(rèn)為這種對(duì)塑料的喜愛是因?yàn)榘阉芰险J(rèn)錯(cuò)了的原因奢人。例如，漂浮的塑料袋和水母看上去很像淆院，而很多海龜都喜歡吃水母何乎。然而，很多最終被吞食到海龜肚中的塑料物和水母并不相像土辩。因此Joseph Pfaller懷疑這之中還有更復(fù)雜的原因支救。在當(dāng)代生物學(xué)中，他寫道海洋微生物在漂浮的塑料物處繁殖拷淘，其氣味吸引海龜來食用各墨。

2

The idea?that the smell of?plastic flotsam?might?lure animals to their doom?first emerged in 2016. Researchers at the University of California, Davis, noticed that?certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide, which are released into the air by?micro-organism-colonized plastics, are those which many seabirds?sniff to track down food. These chemicals?mark good places to hunt?because they indicate?an abundance of?the?algae and bacteria?that lie at the bottom of marine food chains. The researchers also found that birds which?pursue their food?in this way are five or six times more likely to eat plastic than those which do not.

The idea first emerged in 2016：某個(gè)想法第一次出現(xiàn)于……【句式】

plastic flotsam：塑料漂浮物，flotsam表示漂浮物启涯，這里這個(gè)詞組代替了上文中的plastic objects floating in the sea【詞匯積累】

certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide：特定的化學(xué)物質(zhì)贬堵，尤其是二甲硫化物，這里notably與especially意義相近【同意替換】

micro-organism-colonized plastics：布滿微生物的塑料物

sniff to track down food：track down food追蹤食物结洼，sniff表示聞扁瓢，即通過聞氣味的方式追蹤食物，下文中還有pursue their food补君，同樣表示追蹤食物【同意替換】

mark good places to hunt：標(biāo)志了優(yōu)良的捕獵場(chǎng)所引几，mark，標(biāo)記挽铁，信號(hào)筆也是mark

an abundance of……：豐富的……【詞組積累】

algae and bacteria：algae and bacteria：藻類和細(xì)菌

塑料的味道可能會(huì)引誘動(dòng)物步入死亡伟桅，這個(gè)想法初次出現(xiàn)于2016年，研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)某些特定的化學(xué)物質(zhì)叽掘，尤其是二甲硫化物楣铁，這種由布滿微生物的塑料釋放到空氣中的物質(zhì)，很多海鳥通過聞它來追蹤食物更扁。這些物質(zhì)標(biāo)志了優(yōu)良的捕獵場(chǎng)所盖腕，因?yàn)樗麄儽砻髂抢锎嬖谥S富的藻類和細(xì)菌，是海洋食物鏈的底層浓镜。研究者們也發(fā)現(xiàn)以這種方式追蹤食物的鳥類誤食塑料的機(jī)率是其他鳥類的5到6倍溃列。

3

Since turtles?are known to break the surface periodically?and sniff the air?when navigating towards their feeding areas, Dr Pfaller?theorized that?they are following these same chemicals, and?are?likewise?fooled into thinking?that floating plastic objects are?edible.

are known to break the surface periodically and sniff the air：break the surface表示露出水面，通常是break the surface of water膛薛，are known to表示某件事為人所知【詞組積累】

theorize that：theorize是theory的動(dòng)詞形式听隐，表示形成理論，建立理論【詞匯積累】

are fooled into thinking：be fooled into doing意為被騙做某事哄啄，誤以為……做某事【詞組積累】

edible：可食用的

因?yàn)楹｝斣谇巴妒硤?chǎng)所時(shí)會(huì)露出水面呼吸空氣雅任，Pfaller認(rèn)為它們也以這種同樣的物質(zhì)作為導(dǎo)航指向风范，并有可能被誤導(dǎo)，認(rèn)為漂浮塑料是可食用的沪么。

4

To test that idea, he and his colleagues?set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles, a species frequently killed by plastic. They arranged for 15 of the animals, each around five months old, to be exposed, in random order, to four odours delivered through a pipe to the air above anexperimental arena. The odors were: the vapor from?deionized water; the smell of?turtle-feeding pellets?made of shrimp and fish meal; the smell of a clean plastic bottle?chopped up into ten pieces; and the smell of a similarly chopped bottle that had been kept in the ocean for five weeks to allow algae and bacteria to grow on it.

set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles：建立了一個(gè)以蠵龜為對(duì)象的實(shí)驗(yàn)硼婿，這里involving是which involves，以簡(jiǎn)潔的方式說明實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象為蠵龜【句式】

experimental arena：實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)

deionized water：去離子水

turtle-feeding pellets：海龜飼料球

chopped up into ten pieces：切成十個(gè)碎片禽车，chop up意為切斷【詞組積累】

為了驗(yàn)證這個(gè)想法寇漫，他和同事們建立了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，使用蠵龜作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象哭当，這是一種經(jīng)常被塑料殺死的種類猪腕。他們安排了15只冗澈，每只的年齡都在5個(gè)月左右钦勘，他們以隨機(jī)次序暴露于4種氣味，通過管道傳送至實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)亚亲。這些氣味是：去離子水蒸氣味彻采，由蝦和魚肉制成的海龜飼料球的氣味，切成10片的干凈的塑料瓶的氣味捌归，以及被放在海里5周肛响，擁有海藻和細(xì)菌生成于上的相同的塑料碎片的氣味。

5

Two of the smells?proved far more attractive to?the animals than the others. When sniffing both the odor of food pellets and that of five-week-old bottles turtles kept their nostrils out of the water more than three times as long, and took twice as many breaths as they did when what was on offer was the smell of fresh bottle-plastic or deionized-water vapor.?On the face of it, then, the turtles were responding to the smell of old bottles as if it were the smell of food.

A proved far more attractive to B：A的氣味對(duì)B更具吸引力

On the face of it：從表面上看起來惜索，乍一看起來特笋。表示初步判斷，沒有經(jīng)過更細(xì)致的檢測(cè)【詞組積累】

兩種氣味比其他兩種更具吸引力巾兆，當(dāng)聞到食物球氣味和放置于海里5周的塑料瓶碎片的氣味時(shí)猎物，海龜探出鼻子呼吸的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度是原來的3倍，呼吸次數(shù)是其他兩種氣味的兩種角塑。初步看起來蔫磨，海龜對(duì)于放置于海中較久時(shí)間的塑料瓶，會(huì)把它們當(dāng)做食物的味道圃伶。

6

Though they have not yet tested whether dimethyl sulphide is the culprit, Dr Pfaller and his colleagues think?it is the most likely candidate.?In an unpolluted ocean,?pretty well?anything which had this smell would be edible—or, at least, harmless. Unfortunately, five-week-old plastic bottles?and their like?are not.

it is the most likely candidate.：這是最有可能的犯罪兇手堤如，candidate是候選人，最理想的對(duì)象窒朋，這里指的是最理想的culprit【詞匯積累】

pretty well：差不多搀罢，幾乎【詞匯積累】

A and their like：their like指的是A這種物質(zhì)的同類物質(zhì)【詞匯積累】

盡管它們沒有檢測(cè)二甲硫化物是不是罪魁禍?zhǔn)祝玃faller和他的同事們認(rèn)為它是最有可能的元兇侥猩。在一片未受污染的海域魄揉，幾乎任何擁有這種氣味的東西都是可食用的，或者拭宁，至少是無害的洛退。不幸的是瓣俯，5周時(shí)間的塑料瓶，以及同類的物質(zhì)并非無害兵怯。

總結(jié)

devour：to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry【詞匯積累】

penchant for：喜好某事【詞匯積累】

sth is?a matter of mistaken identity：a matter of表示“……的問題”彩匕，mistaken identity認(rèn)錯(cuò)身份，弄錯(cuò)身份媒区。文中是指海龜喜歡吃塑料是認(rèn)錯(cuò)【詞匯積累】

colonize：~ sth（在某一地區(qū)）聚居驼仪，大批生長(zhǎng)to live or grow in large numbers in a particular area。Colonize?后面的名詞可表示地點(diǎn)袜漩。【詞匯積累】

plastic flotsam：塑料漂浮物绪爸，flotsam表示漂浮物，這里這個(gè)詞組代替了上

文中的plastic objects floating in the sea【詞匯積累】

theorize that：theorize是theory的動(dòng)詞形式宙攻，表示形成理論奠货，建立理論【詞匯積累】

it is the most likely candidate.：這是最有可能的犯罪兇手，candidate是候選

人座掘，最理想的對(duì)象递惋，這里指的是最理想的culprit【詞匯積累】

pretty well：差不多，幾乎【詞匯積累】

A and their like：their like指的是A這種物質(zhì)的同類物質(zhì)【詞匯積累】

get snared in their alimentary canals：殘留在消化系統(tǒng)中溢陪，可以記住be snared in這個(gè)詞組萍虽。snare意為伴住，纏住形真，be snared in意為被纏住杉编，alimentary canals表示消化系統(tǒng)【詞組積累】

be broken down：被分解，A be broken down into sth咆霜，A被分解成……邓馒，文中指的是塑料物在消化系統(tǒng)中無法被分解【詞組積累】

have no resemblance to jellyfish：和水母不像，have no resemblance to sth與某物不相像裕便，look similar to sth則表示與某物相似绒净。【詞組積累】

induces turtles to feed：induce sb to do sth誘使某人做某事，這里和下一段中的lure sb to do sth是相似的意思偿衰，lure animals to their doom引誘動(dòng)物步入死亡挂疆，doom表示厄運(yùn)，毀滅和死亡【詞組積累】

an abundance of……：豐富的……【詞組積累】

are known to break the surface periodically and sniff the air：break the surface表示露出水面下翎，通常是break the surface of water缤言，are known to表示某件事為人所知【詞組積累】

are fooled into thinking：be fooled into doing意為被騙做某事，誤以為……做某事【詞組積累】

chopped up into ten pieces：切成十個(gè)碎片视事，chop up意為切斷【詞組積累】

On the face of it：從表面上看起來胆萧，乍一看起來。表示初步判斷，沒有經(jīng)過更細(xì)致的檢測(cè)【詞組積累】

It is widely assumed that?……：人們普遍認(rèn)為跌穗，assume釋義為認(rèn)為订晌，to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it【句式】

The idea first emerged in 2016：某個(gè)想法第一次出現(xiàn)于……【句式】

set up an experiment involving loggerhead turtles：建立了一個(gè)以蠵龜為對(duì)象的實(shí)驗(yàn)，這里involving是which involves蚌吸，以簡(jiǎn)潔的方式說明實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象為蠵龜【句式】

certain chemicals, notably dimethyl sulphide：特定的化學(xué)物質(zhì)锈拨，尤其是二甲硫化物，這里notably與especially意義相近【同意替換】

sniff to track down food：track down food追蹤食物羹唠，sniff表示聞奕枢，即通過聞氣味的方式追蹤食物，下文中還有pursue their food佩微，同樣表示追蹤食物【同意替換】