20th-century American history
The crazy career of Herbert Hoover 赫伯特胡佛瘋狂的職業(yè)生涯
America’s 31st president overcame extraordinary obstacles, but the Great Depression overwhelmed him
美國的第31任總統(tǒng)克服了極大的困難，但是大蕭條最終還是推倒了他樱调。
Print edition | Books and arts
Oct 19th 2017
Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times. By Kenneth
FOR his philanthropic efforts during the first world war, Herbert Hoover was described as a “man who began his career in California and will end it in heaven”.
胡佛胸完，因其他在一戰(zhàn)中富有人道主義的行為公条，被評述為“一個事業(yè)始于加利福尼亞州硼身，并終將把它發(fā)展至天堂的人「蚕恚”
In a new biography, Kenneth Whyte lists the many hardships Hoover went through.
在一本新的傳記里佳遂，作者Kenneth Whyte列出了胡佛所經(jīng)歷的許多困難。
Generally, he used them to his advantage—to increase his wealth, achieve fame and become America’s 31st president. At least, that is, until the Great Depression, which ruined him politically.
總體上來說撒顿，他運用自己的優(yōu)勢丑罪，渡過了這些難關(guān)，并積累了自己的財富凤壁，以及名望吩屹，并且最終成為了美國第31任總統(tǒng)，至少拧抖，在顛覆了他政治生涯的大蕭條到來之前如此煤搜。
Born in Iowa in 1874, Hoover became determined early in life to earn a fortune for the security and independence it would bring.
胡佛于1874年，出生于愛荷華州唧席，他在生命的很早期就決心要為了財富所能帶來的擦盾，安全，以及獨立而奮斗淌哟。
After graduating as a geologist from Stanford, he managed gold mines on the hot Australian frontier and mines in China during the dying days of the Qing empire. His career brought him the money he craved.
在從斯坦福大學(xué)地理學(xué)專業(yè)畢業(yè)以后迹卢，胡佛就在，澳大利亞火熱的邊境徒仓，以及清王朝快要覆滅時期的中國管理礦產(chǎn)腐碱。他的職業(yè)生涯，為他帶來了早年渴望的財富掉弛。
Hoover learned that the best way to thrive in a hellish place is by being a self-described devil.
胡佛意識到要在這個地獄一般的地方變得富強就必須要把自己刻畫成一個魔鬼症见。
He fudged his age and experience to get his job in Australia. He overworked his employees. During the Boxer rebellion in China he swindled a captive mandarin to gain control of mines there (an action later judicially overturned). Ultimately, though, his own diligence was most important to his success.
他偽造了自己的年齡和經(jīng)歷喂走，在澳大利亞獲得了工作，之后還壓榨服務(wù)于自己自己的勞力筒饰。在中國爆發(fā)義和團起義的時候缴啡，他還騙取了一處銅礦的控制權(quán)（雖然之后在法律上被推翻了。）但最終瓷们，他的勤奮业栅，還是他成功的最大原因。
Fortunately, Hoover was a devil with a conscience. After securing his wealth, he longed to work for the public good.
幸運的是谬晕，胡佛是一個有良知的魔鬼碘裕，在保住了他自己的財富之后，他渴望著攒钳，為公眾福利帮孔，做出一些努力。
The first world war gave him the opportunity to lead a great philanthropic mission.
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)就給了他這么一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一項富有人道主義精神任務(wù)的機會不撑。
Working as a mining financier in London when the war began, Hoover learned of the dire food situation in occupied Belgium.
戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)的時候文兢，還在倫敦做礦產(chǎn)投資商的胡佛意識到了被占領(lǐng)的比利時，所面臨的嚴峻的食物短缺的情況焕檬。
He abandoned his career and, between 1914 and 1917, when America entered the war, he led thousands of volunteers to raise money, buy food and ship it to Belgium and other occupied areas. They sent more than 2.5m tonnes of food in all, feeding over 9m people.
他放棄了自己的職業(yè)姆坚，并且在1914-1917年間，美國加入了实愚，一戰(zhàn)之后兼呵，他，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了上千名志愿者籌集資金腊敲，購買食物击喂，并且將它們運輸至比利時以及其他的一些敵占區(qū)，他們在這段時間里碰辅，共懂昂，運輸了250萬噸食物，喂養(yǎng)了900萬人没宾。
Hoover gathered an intelligent group around him, worked astoundingly hard and expected the same from his staff. He also engaged in a vigorous propaganda campaign to get donations, portraying the relief as a “bottom-up” effort on the part of ordinary people while quietly seeking government support.
胡佛在他的身邊聚集了一個智囊團忍法，這群人工作起來是令人震驚的勤奮，并且跟他的其他下屬有著一致的理想與盼望榕吼。胡佛同樣還加入了一些富有饿序，活力的，宣傳活動羹蚣，以籌集資金原探，將這種救濟描述成是一種自上而下的努力——依賴普通人的同時，悄悄的從政府尋求幫助。
Success brought admiration and further opportunities. Hoover was put in charge of America’s food supply after it entered the war, and he oversaw its aid to Europe after the armistice. He served as secretary of commerce under Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge throughout much of the 1920s, using his position to make government more efficient.
人道主義事業(yè)的成功咽弦，給胡佛帶來了徒蟆，令人景仰的名望，以及更多的機會型型，他在美國參戰(zhàn)后段审，被任命掌管美國的糧食供應(yīng)。同時他還在停戰(zhàn)之后闹蒜，監(jiān)督了寺枉，對歐洲的，救助工作绷落。他在姥闪，十二十世紀20年代的大部分時間都在時任總統(tǒng)手下?lián)紊虅?wù)部秘書長，利用他的地位砌烁，使得政府的運作變得更為有效筐喳。
In 1927 the flooding of the Mississippi River provided the perfect opportunity for a man with disaster-relief experience. Hoover’s success there provided him with a springboard to the presidency. He won the Republican nomination on the first ballot in 1928. The prosperous mood, attributed to the Republicans, ensured that Hoover easily won that year’s election.
1927年爆發(fā)的密西西比河洪災(zāi)，又給了他一個絕佳的賑災(zāi)的經(jīng)驗函喉。胡佛領(lǐng)導(dǎo)正在工作的成為了他繼任總統(tǒng)的跳板避归。=他在1928年第一輪投票中，獲得了共和黨人的黨內(nèi)提名管呵。共和黨人熱切的情緒很輕松的就確保了胡佛贏得了那年的大選梳毙。
He began his presidency in March 1929 with ambitious plans for reform. The Great Depression, which began seven months later, dashed his hopes.
他在1929年的3月，開始執(zhí)政撇寞，帶著雄心壯志想要開展改革，可七個月之后到來的大蕭條堂氯，卻粉碎了他的夢想蔑担。
Banks failed, people queued in soup lines and Hoover lost control of events. He became embroiled in disputes with Congress, and balked at using federal funds to solve problems he felt should be left to the states. Blamed for presiding over the crash and failing to deal with its aftermath, he was soundly defeated in the election in 1932.
銀行倒閉，人們排著長隊等待著糧食救濟咽白。湖泊失去了對場面的控制啤握，他卷入了同國會的爭端之中，并且大膽的動用應(yīng)當(dāng)留給各州的聯(lián)邦資金晶框，以解決他認為需要解決的問題排抬。被指責(zé)導(dǎo)致了災(zāi)難以及未能處理好隨之而來的后果的胡佛，自然而然的在1932年的大選中被擊敗了授段。
After losing office, Hoover became a spectator to events. Though he lived until 1964, he would never influence events as he had before his defeat.
在失去政權(quán)之后蹲蒲，胡佛便成了一個活動的觀察家，盡管他一直活到了1964年侵贵，但是他被擊敗之后届搁，其影響力就再也不復(fù)當(dāng)年了。
Why was it that Hoover, hitherto so talented at overcoming crises, was unable to overcome the Great Depression?
到底為什么是胡佛，迄今為止卡睦，在處理危機問題上都這么有天賦的一個人宴胧，還是倒在了大蕭條面前呢？
Perhaps he had come to believe his own propaganda about ordinary people collectively solving problems without government aid.
可能是他相信了自己表锻，關(guān)于普通人團結(jié)起來恕齐，不需要政府的協(xié)助，就能夠渡過難關(guān)的宣傳瞬逊。
Or maybe the scale of the problem was too great even for someone of Hoover’s abilities. Mr Whyte does an excellent job of describing the qualities that brought Hoover his early successes—but provides too little guidance as to why, in the end, he failed his severest test.
又或者是大蕭條显歧，這個問題的規(guī)模實在太過巨大，以至于連胡佛码耐，這么有能力的人也難以解決追迟。本傳記的作者Whyte先生對，胡佛在早年骚腥，取得巨大成功的敦间，品質(zhì)，作出了精彩絕倫的描述束铭，可對于胡佛為什么沒能夠挺過大蕭條的考驗廓块，只給出了甚少的觀點和證據(jù)。
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