掌握幾個要素,簡單寫出好文章
思考:口語與寫作,哪一個更簡單砌滞?
一侮邀、為何說寫作簡單?
1贝润、可以反復修改绊茧,無需瞬時反應
2、寫作過程中可以查字典
二打掘、日郴罚口語無需過于在乎什么?
都是輸出的形式 (輸入是輸出的基礎(chǔ)尊蚁,輸出是輸入的檢驗)
口語在乎瞬間的有效性 ?? 寫作在乎準確性
三亡笑、如何練習寫作?
1、無錯版朗讀背誦
逐步增加挑戰(zhàn):加長篇幅横朋、堆疊遍數(shù)
eg. 莎劇演員
2仑乌、練習語法
不推薦直接用工具書學語法(難以堅持)
3、手邊必備工具書
紙質(zhì)詞典琴锭、在線詞典或app等
四晰甚、你需要什么詞典?
1决帖、漢英詞典
從中文查對應英文
起點詞典(我們大部分人在進行英文寫作的時候?qū)嶋H上都是在進行翻譯工作)
2厕九、英英詞典/學習者詞典(Learner's Dictionary)
確認詞性、用法地回、固定搭配等
主動性詞典扁远,有問題了需要去核實
3、同義詞典(Thesaurus)
寫作忌重復用詞
用同義詞典查詞后刻像,再用英英字典確認是否可用于該語境的替換
4穿香、搭配詞典(Collocation)或Bing詞典
反向查找某種搭配是否正確
起點詞典:漢英詞典
主動詞典:同義詞典
被動詞典:英英詞典、搭配詞典
所以:進行回譯訓練
寫作不行的根本原因
一绎速、寫作不好的根本原因是什么?
“淤”:長句延綿焙蚓,表達不符合英美思維和習慣纹冤。
把寫作當成炫技,而非溝通购公。
二萌京、溝通中一個重要原則是什么?
向下兼容(reader- friendly)
通過使用更直白宏浩、簡單的語言知残,讓更多人看懂自己寫作的內(nèi)容。
三比庄、對于寫作求妹,海明威提出的四點好英語原則是什么乏盐?
He is a great fish and I must convince him, he thought. I must never let him learn his strength nor what he could do if he made his run. If I were him I would put in everything now and go until something broke. But, thank God, they are not as intelligent as we who kill them; although they are more noble and more able.
The old man had seen many great fish. He had seen many that weighed more than a thousand pounds and he had caught two of that size in his life, but never alone. Now alone, and out of sight of land, he was fast to the biggest fish that he had ever seen and bigger than he had ever heard of, and his left hand was still as tight as the gripped claws of an eagle.
It will uncramp though, he thought. Surely it will uncramp to help my right hand. There are three things that are brothers: the fish and my two hands. It must uncramp. It is unworthy of it to be cramped. The fish had slowed again and was going at his usual pace.
I wonder why he jumped, the old man thought. He jumped almost as though to show me how big he was. I know now, anyway, he thought. I wish I could show him what sort of man I am. But then he would see the cramped hand. Let him think I am more man than I am and I will be so. I wish I was the fish, he thought, with everything he has against only my will and my intelligence.
He settled comfortably against the wood and took his suffering as it came and the fish swam steadily and the boat moved slowly through the dark water. There was a small sea rising with the wind coming up from the east and at noon the old man's left hand was uncramped.
——選自 The Old Man and the Sea
1、Use short sentences(使用短句)
2制恍、Make the first paragraph short(文章第一段短一些)
3父能、?Use vigorous English(使用有活力的英語)
vigorous意味著有沖擊力,有畫面感
例如:dive into the channel(車)駛?cè)胨淼谰簧瘢萫nter into更有力量感何吝,更生動
4、Use positive expressions rather than negative expressions(少用被動語態(tài)鹃唯,多用主動語態(tài))
主動語態(tài)更有效率爱榕,更加vigorous
“電報式”風格
“電報式”風格,也就是追求語言的簡潔坡慌,這有利于讀者閱讀他所寫的故事黔酥,不會因為深奧的語言而與讀者產(chǎn)生距離。?
很多人都知道八匠,海明威曾經(jīng)在《堪薩斯星報》里擔任記者絮爷。這家報社對記者要求極為嚴格,《星報》有一份“文體凡例表”梨树,也成為海明威后來寫作的基本準則坑夯。
“冰山原則”
海明威在他的紀實性作品《午后之死》中提到:“冰山運動之雄偉壯觀,是因為它只有1/8在水面上抡四。如果一個作家省略的是他所不了解的東西柜蜈,那只會給他的作品留下空白≈秆玻”?
他把文學創(chuàng)作比作漂浮在大洋上的冰山淑履,露出水面的是 1/8 ,還有 7/8 是在水面之下藻雪。寫作只表現(xiàn)海面上的部分秘噪,而海面以下的八分之七需要讀者細心研讀文本,才能體會其中的意蘊勉耀。
文學作品中指煎,文字和形象是所謂的“1/8”,而情感和思想是所謂的“7/8”便斥。前兩者是具體可見的至壤,后兩者是寓于前兩者之中的∈嗑溃“冰山理論”運用到文學創(chuàng)作中像街,可以增加作品的深度和厚度。
海明威在創(chuàng)作時只寫出了故事的冰山一角,讓讀者自行想象接下來的內(nèi)容镰绎。這使得讀者愿意通過想象脓斩,更好地了解其作品中想要表達的思想。我們中文常說的“留白”也是一樣的道理跟狱。?
簡潔和簡練并不意味著省略和粗糙的文風俭厚,他寫作中的不少細節(jié)描寫為后世所稱道。?
在《永別了驶臊,武器》中挪挤,海明威把男主人公亨利心理轉(zhuǎn)變的過程寫得真實感人。戰(zhàn)爭后 迷茫的亨利選擇逃避关翎,和妻子凱瑟琳一起流亡到瑞士扛门。當作為自己精神支柱的凱瑟琳難產(chǎn)死去時,亨利感到萬念俱灰纵寝,他的人生只剩一片廢墟论寨。文章里有這樣一段描寫:?
He went down the hall. I went to the door of the room. "You can't come in now," one of the nurses said. "Yes I can," I said. "You can't come in yet." "You get out," I said. "The other one too." But after I had got them out and shut the door and turned off the light it wasn't any good. It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.
醫(yī)生順著過道走掉,我回到門口爽茴≡岬剩“你現(xiàn)在還不能進來,”一名護士說室奏』鹧妫“不,我要進胧沫〔颍”“你還不能進來∪拊梗”“你出去纯赎,”我說冀惭,“那一位也出去冰抢。”我把護士趕走驹尼,過去關(guān)上門六剥,熄了燈晚顷,可這也沒什么用,這像是同一尊石像告別仗考。過了一會兒,我走了出來词爬,出了醫(yī)院秃嗜,在雨中走回旅館。
這段不足百字的描寫卻非常細膩,一點一滴地表現(xiàn)凱瑟琳去世后亨利的狀態(tài)锅锨,透出一種難以抗拒的悲涼氛圍叽赊。
這些特點使海明威的作品更具欣賞和研究價值,直接影響了20世紀的文壇必搞。
“站著寫必指,不停寫”
海明威老爹愛好很多,泡妞啦恕洲、釣魚啦塔橡、喝大酒啦,不過卻也沒耽誤他寫作和獲獎霜第。
這還是因為他在創(chuàng)作上極有紀律葛家。海明威每天早上六點半起床寫作,一直寫到十二點半泌类。他每天只寫500字癞谒,像上課、上班一樣寫刃榨。
他還有一個奇怪的習慣:站著寫弹砚。
為什么要站著寫呢?海明威的說法是枢希,這么寫比較費力桌吃,他只會更言簡意賅地說明自己的意圖,讓人們在最短的時間內(nèi)理解自己的文字晴玖,同時提高寫作效率读存。
原來天賦異稟如他,屢出佳作呕屎,還是因為筆耕不綴让簿。
他曾經(jīng)告訴好基友菲茨杰拉德: “我每寫一頁的杰作,都伴隨著九十一頁的垃圾秀睛,只不過我嘗試把垃圾扔進垃圾筐里尔当。”
“I write one page of masterpiece to ninety-one pages of shit,” Hemingway confided to F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1934. “I try to put the shit in the wastebasket.”
海明威還喜歡用鉛筆寫作蹂安,這樣便于修改椭迎。有人說他寫作時一天要用20支鉛筆。他說沒這么多田盈,寫得最順手時一天只用了7支鉛筆畜号。
他每天開始寫作時,先把前一天寫的讀一遍允瞧,寫到哪里就改到哪里简软。全書寫完后又從頭到尾改一遍蛮拔;草稿請人家打字謄清后又改一遍;最后清樣出來再改一遍痹升。他認為這樣三次大修改是寫好一本書的必要條件建炫。
正如他所說的,對于一個真正的作家來說疼蛾,每一本書都應該成為他繼續(xù)探索那些尚未到達的領(lǐng)域的一個新起點肛跌。他應該永遠嘗試去做那些從來沒有人做過或者他人沒有做成的事。這樣他就會有幸獲得成功察郁。?
For a true writer each book should be a new beginning where he tries again for something that is beyond attainment. He should always try for something that has never been done or that others have tried and failed. Then sometimes, with great luck, he will succeed.
四衍慎、哪些詞可算作lazy verbs?
be動詞绳锅,系動詞turn, make等西饵。
試對比:
I'm a(n) (English) teacher.
I teach (English).(更優(yōu))
Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
The autumn yellows the leaves.?(更優(yōu))
My boyfriend's gift made me happy.
My boyfriend's gift entertained me.?(更優(yōu))
五、英文寫作不好的根本原因是什么鳞芙?
1眷柔、對“好英文”的標準有誤解
2、中文不夠靈活原朝,練習不夠
六驯嘱、提高英文寫作水平的關(guān)鍵是什么?
中英文水平相當
方法:把英文提高到中文水平喳坠;把中文“降維”到英文水平鞠评。
七、推薦閱讀
1壕鹉、海明威的小說(適合入門)
2.喬治·奧威爾的作品
文章:Politics and the English Language
3.牛津的《書蟲》系列
4.外刊(尤其The New York Times)
5.科研文獻
6.《風格的要素》(The Elements of Style)(寫作圣經(jīng))
寫作日常手冊
一剃幌、五種寫作訓練方式是什么?
1.加強輸入:多做精讀和無錯版朗讀背誦
2.回譯練習:再進行英譯漢晾浴,對比原文進行反思
3.控制性練習(controlled exercise):把記錄的單詞和表達负乡,多運用于寫作中
4.訓練語句,拆分長難句脊凰、打亂抖棘、重新排列、對比
5.中文寫作訓練:練思維狸涌,提高謀篇布局能力以及表達靈活性
二切省、第六種寫作訓練方法是什么?
檔案袋式寫作訓練法:輸入和輸出的交替性訓練帕胆,中間有“冷凍期”
三朝捆、如何進行檔案袋式寫作訓練法?
1.通過精讀和泛讀夯實基礎(chǔ)
2.進行寫作懒豹,并存檔為一稿(主題芙盘、篇幅不限诊杆,無需立刻修改)
3.繼續(xù)進行精度和泛讀訓練
4.復制一稿并修改,另存為二稿何陆,對比一稿,關(guān)注修改的內(nèi)容
繼續(xù)重復進行精讀泛讀和修改作文的交替步驟
4-5稿之后豹储,與之前的文章進行對比
可組隊學習贷盲,互相改稿
四、如何備考應試寫作剥扣?
使用與考試相關(guān)的范文巩剖、模板、聽力閱讀材料钠怯,按照“一”和“三”的步驟進行訓練佳魔。
使用檔案袋式訓練時,建議冷凍期約3天晦炊,修改約5次