TED演講：自閉癥患者都是超級天才？那些關(guān)于自閉癥的真相憋槐！

（點擊??即可直接觀看視頻双藕，片長：9:51）

視頻介紹

演講者Ethan Lisi說：“自閉癥不是一種疾病阳仔；它只是另一種思維方式忧陪。” 演講者分享了他對世界的體驗近范，打破了關(guān)于自閉癥的誤導性陳規(guī)定型觀念嘶摊，關(guān)于自閉癥，分享了他的看法和見解顺又。

演講者：Ethan Lisi

TED大會上，一位特別知名的演講人等孵，他一周就能掌握一門語言稚照，他是2本暢銷書作者，可以背誦圓周率小數(shù)點后2萬多數(shù)字，被稱為“人類自豪的天才特例”果录，在2007年《英國每日電訊報》“100位在世天才”評選中位列第15名——他就是丹尼爾·譚米特上枕，一位自閉癥學者。

丹尼爾是一個天賦異秉的自閉癥者弱恒。1979年他出生于東倫敦一個普通家庭辨萍，從小就是個“難以伺候的怪人”，一出生就總是愛哭返弹，他可以從早哭到晚锈玉，一刻不停。丹尼爾從小害怕人群义起，童年也沒有小伙伴朋友拉背，大伙兒叫他“那個只跟樹說話的家伙”，然而他從小就展現(xiàn)出特別好的記憶和心算能力默终。在4歲時椅棺，他能在10秒內(nèi)脫口說出哥哥的數(shù)學題82×82×82×82的答案；他還是個萬年歷——你說出你的生日齐蔽，他能告訴你那是星期幾两疚。他交通規(guī)則一考就過關(guān)，但他不能駕車上路含滴，因為假如有人闖了紅燈過馬路诱渤，他的大腦給出的命令不是剎車而是繼續(xù)。

丹尼爾有一種特別的“聯(lián)覺”能力——兩種或幾種感知的混合交織能力蛙吏。他可以將數(shù)字和色彩等多元素搭配聯(lián)想起來源哩，在他的頭腦里數(shù)字和日期都有色彩、形狀鸦做。比如励烦，星期三那天，他認為是藍色的泼诱；6這個數(shù)字坛掠，在他腦子里是灰色的；8和9在一起時是天上的雪在飄......他這么描述數(shù)字在他腦中的視覺形象：“它們的輪廓不是靜態(tài)的治筒，它們充滿了顏色屉栓，充滿了質(zhì)地。從某種意義上講耸袜，它們充滿了生命力友多。”

丹尼爾參加過一些記憶挑戰(zhàn)大賽堤框，獲得過不錯的名次域滥，但他真正聲名大噪則是在2004年纵柿。這年他25歲，在牛津大學科學歷史博物館禮堂里启绰，面對觀眾昂儒，他在5個小時里背出圓周率小數(shù)點后22，514個數(shù)字委可，這是目前的歐洲記錄渊跋，世界排名第六。

2007年熱播的CBS電視雜志節(jié)目《60分鐘》想挑戰(zhàn)下他的語言學習能力着倾，結(jié)果他在一周內(nèi)學會冰島語——歐洲古老保守的島國語言拾酝，并在節(jié)目上展示了他的這種天賦。他的冰島語教師直呼他“非人類”屈呕、絕對“天才”∥⒈Γ現(xiàn)在丹尼爾精通英語，西班牙語虎眨，法語蟋软，德語，芬蘭語嗽桩，立陶宛語岳守，羅馬尼亞語，冰島語碌冶，威爾士語和世界語十種語言湿痢。

和很多自閉癥者相比，丹尼爾無疑是幸運的扑庞。在他的第一部暢銷自傳《星期三是藍色的》(Born on a Blue Day)里譬重，他將他的成就首先歸因于不輕言放棄的父母。他也一直生活在一個寬容的世界里罐氨。17歲時臀规，丹尼爾的法文老師幫他在法國找了一個寄宿家庭，這個友善的法國家庭愿意在他暑假時招待他十天栅隐。那是他第一次搭飛機到法國塔嬉，這個家庭帶他去海邊沙灘曬太陽，吃海鮮租悄，午餐經(jīng)常用足兩個小時谨究，兩個小時里一句一句糾正他的法文∑澹回到英國后丹尼爾在日記里寫道“我開始知道怎樣和人相處胶哲，從此我好像換了一個人!”。

自閉癥者需要的正是這種無私的幫助潭辈，需要的是用愛心和知識為其引路的老師鸯屿，其實這也是每個孩子所能夢想擁有的最珍貴的財富俩檬。套用一句老臺詞：不拋棄，不放棄碾盟，一個更加寬容的世界才能讓自閉者在崎嶇的人生路上始終明白自己和別人不一樣，但并不比別人差技竟。

丹尼爾的第二部書《擁抱廣闊天空：天才們的腦瓜》冰肴，以20種語言出版，是2009年法國最佳暢銷書之一榔组。這本書涉獵范圍很廣——從科技到文藝熙尉，從東方到西方，從莫扎特到莎士比亞搓扯，姓氏從 A到Z检痰，把他知道的“人類天才”幾百個逐個分析比較一番，饒有趣味锨推。在推銷法文版時丹尼爾認識了他的的法國新伙伴铅歼，攝影師杰洛米·塔比特——是的，丹尼爾是個同性戀换可。丹尼爾說他找到了幸福椎椰，并因此定居于法國阿維儂市，經(jīng)常自己做飯沾鳄，伴侶駕車慨飘，把生活安排得很滿實，除了寫書译荞，丹尼爾還開設了網(wǎng)站“Optimnem”提供在線語言教學服務瓤的，教人外語。

丹尼爾·譚米特還積極配合神經(jīng)科學工作者的實驗項目吞歼。他具有罕有的自我認知和語言能力圈膏，能把他腦中信息處理的過程表達出來，這讓他受到了許多神經(jīng)科學工作者的關(guān)注浆熔，希望能從丹尼爾身上找到解開人類大腦信息編碼的奧秘本辐。

和大量令人震撼的TED演講相比，丹尼爾的演講也許并不出彩医增，可能比較平淡無味不給力慎皱，現(xiàn)場觀眾反應也不熱烈，因為很少人能讀懂他的世界叶骨。但丹尼爾的話和成長經(jīng)歷都值得我們思考茫多。

他在演講中說：“世界比你感知的更精彩，更豐富忽刽，我們應該從不同角度來看世界天揖《嵊”我們的大腦無法像他這樣看世界、思考問題今膊。但我們不妨從其他視角來重新了解你熟知的世界：國內(nèi)外媒體是你的眼睛些阅，朋友敵人也是你的眼睛，也許某個說著不同語言的陌生人也是你的眼睛斑唬，接納他人市埋，接納不同的觀點，每個人的世界都是多姿多彩的恕刘，每個人或多或少都有自己的精神壁壘缤谎，不要做躲在自己世界的人，勇敢地去擁抱他人褐着，擁抱更多元的世界坷澡。

完整雙語演講稿

Autism is something that many people know about. For example, some people think that autistic people are fair-skinned males that speak in monotone and constantly go on and on about the same topic. Some people think that autistic people do not know right from wrong, avoid attention and usually say the wrong thing at the wrong time. Some people think that autistic people are socially awkward and lack humor and empathy.

很多人都聽說過自閉癥。舉個例子含蓉，有的人認為自閉癥人士是白人男性频敛，說話聲音單調(diào)，并且會對同一個話題說個不停馅扣。有些人則認為自閉癥人士無法分辨對錯姻政，不喜歡被人注意，并經(jīng)常在錯誤的時間說錯誤的話岂嗓。還有些人覺得自閉癥人士在社交上表現(xiàn)笨拙汁展，并缺乏幽默感和同理心。

Now if you agree with what I just said, I'm sorry to tell you, but you do not have the right impression of autism. How do I know? Because I have autism. I do have my own obsessions with things like electronics and public transit, but that does not define me. Each of us are different and unique in our own way.

如果你們同意我剛才所說的厌殉，那我很抱歉地告訴你們食绿，你們對自閉癥的印象并不正確。我是怎么知道的呢公罕？因為我就有自閉癥器紧。我的確對電子產(chǎn)品和公共交通非常著迷，但這并不能定義我是怎樣的人楼眷。我們每一個人都有自己的 不同與獨特之處铲汪。

However, there is not a lot of information out there on what an autistic life actually looks like, so people often resort to stereotypes. And we see these often in the media. Some of the more common stereotypes in the media include being socially awkward, lacking empathy and even being a supergenius.

但是世界上并沒有多少關(guān)于自閉癥人群真實生活的信息。于是人們通常會訴諸刻板印象罐柳。我們在媒體里常痴蒲看到這些刻板印象。一些在媒體里更常見的刻板印象包括社交障礙张吉，缺乏同理心齿梁，甚至超級天才。

And the lack of knowledge on autism doesn't stop there either. Did you know that some people are trying to find a cure for autism? That's because they see it as a negative thing, as a disease. Many people are challenging the idea and to us, we think autism is not a disease. It's just another way of thinking and looking at the world.?

對于自閉癥的認識缺乏還不僅限于此。你們知道有些人正在為自閉癥尋找治療辦法嗎勺择？這是因為他們覺得自閉癥是不好的创南，是一種疾病。很多人在駁斥這種觀點省核，對于我們來說稿辙，我們認為自閉癥不是一種疾病。它只不過是另一種思考與看待世界的方式气忠。?

Our brains function differently from most people's brains. Think of it like comparing and Xbox and a PlayStation. They're both highly capable consoles with different programming. But if you put your Xbox game in a PlayStation, it won't work, because the PlayStation communicates differently.

我們大腦的運行方式同大多數(shù)人不同邓深。這就好比把Xbox和PlayStation拿來對比一樣。兩者都是性能出眾的主機笔刹，有著不同的程序。但是如果你把Xbox的游戲放在PlayStation里面冬耿，它不會順利運行舌菜，因為PlayStation的讀取方式和Xbox不同。

When I look in the mirror, I see someone who thinks differently. Oh, and I also see nice hair.

當我看向鏡子的時候亦镶，我會看到一個思維方式不同的人日月，噢，還有好看的頭發(fā)缤骨。

But the question is, am I really diseased if I just think differently? The main problem with living autistic in today's society is that the world just isn't built for us. There's so many ways that we can get overwhelmed. For example, the thing that makes me overwhelmed all the time is loud noises, which means I never crank up my music really loud and I usually am not a fan of large parties.?

但是問題在于爱咬，如果只是思維方式異于常人，那我真的患有疾病嗎绊起？自閉癥人群在現(xiàn)代社會里生活的最大問題是精拟，這個世界的運行方式對我們不適用。世界上有太多的事情能讓我們無所適從虱歪。舉個例子來說蜂绎，我一直難以應付的東西是巨大的聲響，這意味著我從來不把音樂聲音開得很大笋鄙，我也不喜歡參加大型派對师枣。

But other people on the spectrum might get overwhelmed with things like bright lights or strong smells or gooey textures that all have the potential to create anxiety. Think about all of the social gatherings you've been to in the past. Was there loud music playing? Were there really bright lights??

但是其他有自閉癥譜系障礙的人可能會因為強光或者濃烈的味道或者黏糊糊的質(zhì)感而感到難以忍受，這些東西都可能給我們制造焦慮萧落。想想你們過去參加過的所有社交聚會践美。那里是不是放著很大聲的音樂？是不是有著很刺眼的燈光找岖？

Were there lots of different food smells going on at the same time? Were there lots of conversations happening all at once? Those things may not have bothered you guys, but for someone with autism, they can be quite overwhelming.

是不是同時彌漫著很多種不同食物的味道陨倡？是不是有很多人在同時進行對話？這些事可能不會讓你們覺得困擾许布，但是對于有自閉癥的人來說玫膀，它們能讓人覺得不堪重負吭净。

So in those situations, we do something called stimming, which is like a repetitive motion or a noise or some other random fidgeting that may or may not seem normal. Some people will flap their arms or make a noise or spin. Ya, it's basically our way of zoning out. It can often feel necessary for us to stim.?

所以在這種情況下，我們會做出自我刺激的行為（stimming）惭婿，比如做出反復的動作或聲音彬呻，又或是其他無意義的小動作，看上去可能正常解阅，也可能不正常落竹。有些人會揮動手臂，或是發(fā)出吵聲货抄，或是旋轉(zhuǎn)物品述召。沒錯，這基本就是我們走神時的表現(xiàn)蟹地。我們常常覺得有必要進行自我刺激积暖。

However, it's often frowned upon, and we're forced to hide it. When we're forced to hide our autistic traits like this, it's called masking. And some people mask better than others. I mask so well sometimes that people don't even know I'm autistic until I give them the big reveal.?

但是，這種行為常常令他人不悅怪与，于是我們被迫隱藏這種行為夺刑。當我們被迫隱藏類似的自閉癥狀時，我們在進行偽裝（masking）分别。有的人比其他人隱藏得好遍愿。我有時隱藏得相當好，以至于別人甚至不知道我有自閉癥耘斩，直到我為他們揭開謎底沼填。

But at the end of the day, it gets really stressful. Even something like doing my homework at night becomes very tiring. Some people think, because of our ability to mask, that this is the cure to autism. However, all it really does is makes us ashamed of showing our true selves.

但是不管怎么說，這樣的偽裝會帶來巨大壓力括授。甚至晚上做作業(yè)之類的事情 都會變得非常令人疲倦坞笙。有些人會想，因為我們有能力進行偽裝荚虚，這就是治愈自閉癥的辦法羞海。但是，這樣的偽裝只會讓我們羞于展現(xiàn)真正的自我曲管。

Another common stereotype that is often associated with autism is that autistic people lack empathy. And again, this is not true. I actually have lots of empathy. I'm just not really good at showing it. Whenever a friend is trying to tell me some of the struggles that they're going through, I often don't know how to express my reply. And that is why I don't show as much empathy as my nonautistic friends do.

另一個常常和自閉癥聯(lián)系在一起的刻板印象是却邓，自閉癥人群缺乏同理心。同樣的院水，這也不是真相腊徙。我其實富有同理心。我只是不擅長表現(xiàn)出來檬某。每當朋友嘗試告訴我他們正經(jīng)歷的一些掙扎時撬腾，我通常都不知道如何表達我的回應。這就是為什么和我沒有自閉癥的朋友相比恢恼，我沒有表現(xiàn)出同等程度的同理心民傻。

Emotional expression, however much or however little, is difficult for me. And that is because I am bursting inside with every single emotion one feels at all times. Though of course, I cannot express it that way. Otherwise, let's say, happiness, for example, would come out as a huge burst of gleeful wheezing, hand flapping and loud vocal "woohoos."

情感上的表達，不論多少，對我來說都很困難漓踢。這是因為無論何時我感受到的任何情感牵署，在心中都如同爆炸一樣強烈。雖說當然了喧半，我無法那樣強烈地表達出來奴迅。否則的話，以快樂為例挺据，快樂會劇烈地爆發(fā)出來取具，我會興奮地喘氣，手舞足蹈扁耐，并大聲高呼“哇吼暇检！”

Whereas you may just smile.

而換作你的話，可能只是個微笑婉称。

Whether it be receiving an awesome birthday gift or listening to a tragic story on the news, I cannot really express my reply without bursting, so once again, I have to mask it in order to appear normal. My inner feelings are unlimited, but my mind only lets me express extremes or nothing.

不管是收到非常棒的生日禮物块仆，還是聽到新聞里面悲劇的故事，我真的沒辦法在情感不爆發(fā)的情況下表達回應酿矢，所以為了表現(xiàn)正常，我不得不再次進行掩飾怎燥。我內(nèi)心有無限的情感瘫筐，但我的頭腦只能讓我極端爆發(fā)，抑或毫無波動铐姚。

So my ... I am not great with my emotions, and I communicate differently, and because of that, I was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. This diagnosis helps me and my friends and family to know how my mind works. And in the world, approximately one percent of the population is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. And this number is growing. However, we are still a big minority. And there's still lots of people that do not see us as equals to other people.

所以我……我不擅長表達情感策肝，我溝通的方式也不一樣，因為這些隐绵，我被診斷 有自閉癥譜系障礙之众。這次診斷讓我、我朋友和家人了解了我思維的運轉(zhuǎn)方式依许。世界上棺禾，大概1%的人口被診斷有自閉癥譜系障礙。同時這個數(shù)字還在增加峭跳。但是膘婶，我們依然是一個大型的少數(shù)群體。現(xiàn)在還有很多人不把我們視為 和他人平等的人蛀醉。

This is my family. And in my family, there is one other person who is also autistic. My mother. Yes, adult women can also be autistic. My dad and my brother are both nonautistic. Sometimes it can be a bit difficult for us to communicate with each other, however. Sometimes I'll say something like, "Oh, Toronto's Union Station, right?" thinking that I can help them to remember certain aspects of it.?

這是我的家人悬襟。在我的家庭中，還有另一位有自閉癥的人拯刁。我的媽媽脊岳。是的，成年女性也可能有自閉癥。我的爸爸和兄弟都沒有自閉癥割捅。有時候奶躯，我們幾個人互相溝通會有些困難，但是棺牧，有時候我會說類似 “噢巫糙，多倫多聯(lián)合車站，是嗎颊乘？”這樣的話参淹，因為我認為這樣能幫助他們想起車站的某些方面。?

When they get confused, I often have to elaborate myself on that. And we often have to say things in a number of different ways so that everyone understands. However, despite all that, we all love each other and respect each other as equals.

當他們感到困惑時乏悄，我經(jīng)常 不得不對其進行詳細闡述浙值。我們也經(jīng)常不得不 用多種不同方式說明， 以便所有人理解檩小。但是开呐，盡管這樣， 我們都很愛彼此规求， 并且平等地尊重對方筐付。

In his book "NeuroTribes," author Steve Silberman states that autism and other mental conditions should be seen as naturally human, naturally part of a human spectrum and not as defects. And this is something that I agree to completely.?

在《神經(jīng)部落》一書中，作者史蒂夫 · 希波曼聲稱阻肿，自閉癥和其它精神狀況 都應被看作人類的自然特性瓦戚，都是人類譜系中的正常部分，而不應被視為缺陷丛塌。這一點我是完全同意的较解。

If autism was seen as part of a natural human spectrum, then the world could be designed to work better for autistic people. I am not ashamed of my autism. And I may not think like you, or act like you, but I am still human and I am not diseased.

如果自閉癥人群被視為正常人類譜系中的一部分，那么這個世界就可以被設計得對自閉癥人群更加友好赴邻。我并不因為有自閉癥而感到羞恥印衔。我可能和你們的思考方式不同，行為舉止不同姥敛，但我仍是人類奸焙，我也沒有患病。

Thank you.

謝謝彤敛。