2017-03-03?WSET 3?葡萄酒的門徒
2 生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境
In order to survive, the vine?must be able to take all it needs from its surrounding environment. Warmth is of fundamental importance: without it the vine will not grow. Once the growing season has started the vine uses sunlight and chlorophyll in its leaves to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to produce glucose and oxygen, a process known as photosynthesis. The vine uses the glucose to power its cells and combines it with the nutrients it extracts from the soil to support its growth and, most importantly, to ripen its grapes. The oxygen is lost through the leaves.
為了生存及汉，葡萄植株必需從它周圍的環(huán)境中獲取它所需要的所有資源逻杖。溫度具有根本的重要性柬脸，沒有適度的溫度葡萄植株就無(wú)法生長(zhǎng)驼抹。一旦進(jìn)入生長(zhǎng)季，葡萄植株會(huì)利用
陽(yáng)光以及葉片中的葉綠素將二氧化碳和水轉(zhuǎn)變成葡萄糖和氧氣竟坛，這一過程就是光合作用闽巩。葡萄植株用葡萄糖為細(xì)胞提供能量，并將葡萄糖與從土壤中攝取的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)結(jié)合担汤，這滿足了植株的生長(zhǎng)涎跨，更為重要的是使葡萄果實(shí)得以成熟。光合作用時(shí)崭歧，氧氣則通過葉片釋放出來(lái)六敬。
CO2?is always in plentiful supply but the degree of availability of all the other ingredients influences all aspects of the vine’s annual cycle. Because the vine is unable to move in search of better conditions, the climate, weather and soil in the vineyard directly affect the quantity and quality of fruit a vine is able to produce.
二氧化碳的供給量總是很充足，但是所有其他成分的供給量都會(huì)影響到葡萄每年生長(zhǎng)周期中的各個(gè)階段驾荣。因?yàn)槠咸阎仓瓴痪邆渲鲃?dòng)移動(dòng)并尋找較好環(huán)境的能力，所以氣候普泡、天氣以及葡萄園的土壤情況都會(huì)直接影響植株結(jié)出果實(shí)的數(shù)量和品質(zhì)播掷。
CLIMATE AND WEATHER
A region’s climate is defined as the annual pattern of temperature, sunlight and rainfall averaged out over several years. The climate does not change from one year to the next, though it can alter over a period of decades. A region’s weather, on the other hand, is the annual variation that happens relative to the climatic average. Some?regions experience greater variation in these patterns than others. For example, the amount and timing of rainfall in Bordeaux can vary quite considerably: in 2007 the region was cool, cloudy and wet during most of August, whereas in 2003 high temperatures and near drought conditions were experienced. The weather in other regions, such as the Central Valley in California, is far more predictable. Here it can be relied upon to be hot and dry from one year to the next.
氣候和天氣
氣候是指一個(gè)地區(qū)多年來(lái)平均每年的溫度、陽(yáng)光以及降雨量所組成的終年模式撼班。盡管氣候在幾十年間有可能改變歧匈，但不會(huì)每年都變化。而相對(duì)于來(lái)說(shuō)砰嘁，一個(gè)地區(qū)的天氣情況每年都會(huì)變化件炉。一些地區(qū)的天氣變化程度會(huì)比另一些地區(qū)更加劇烈勘究。例如，波爾多地區(qū)的降雨量和降雨時(shí)間可能變化相當(dāng)大：2007年8月斟冕，大部分時(shí)候這里都是涼爽口糕、多云而潮濕的天氣，而在2003年的8月這里卻經(jīng)歷了高溫磕蛇，近乎干旱的天氣景描。相比之下，一些地區(qū)的天氣更穩(wěn)定秀撇，例如加利福尼亞的中央山谷超棺，這里幾乎每年都是炎熱而干燥的天氣。
TMEPERATURE
What a vine needs
If the temperature is bellow 10℃?it is too cold for the vine’s cells to function. This is why vines are dormant in winter. As long as there is enough water for photosynthesis, the vine’s activity, including photosynthesis, will increase with the temperature until it reaches in excess of 22℃. Above this temperature, the vine’s cells start to consume more sugar than photosynthesis can produce. As temperatures increase beyond this temperature, all vine activity will slow and eventually stop, even with sufficient water. This is why in hot drought conditions grapes can fail to ripen. Extreme heat and insufficient water can weaken and kill vines.
溫度
葡萄植株的需求
如果溫度低于10℃呵燕，葡萄植株的細(xì)胞會(huì)因?yàn)樘涠鵁o(wú)法正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)棠绘，這也是葡萄植株會(huì)在冬季休眠的原因。只要光合作用所需的水分供應(yīng)充足再扭，在溫度不超過22℃的情況下氧苍，包括光合作用在內(nèi)的葡萄植株的活動(dòng)會(huì)隨著溫度的上升而變得活躍。超過22℃后霍衫，葡萄細(xì)胞消耗的糖分就開始多于光合作用產(chǎn)生的糖分候引，隨著溫度繼續(xù)升高，即使水分供給非常充足敦跌，葡萄植株所有的活動(dòng)會(huì)逐漸變緩澄干，直至停止。這就是為什么在炎熱干旱的地區(qū)葡萄不能成熟的原因柠傍。極端的熱量以及水分的缺失會(huì)使葡萄植株變得虛弱麸俘，甚至導(dǎo)致植株死亡。
In order to ripen grapes successfully the vine needs the average temperature in the growing season to be between about 16℃?and 21℃. Not all varieties need the same amount of warmth throughout the growing season. This is why Riesling can thrive in cool locations where Grenache would not be able to ripen its grapes. It is the temperature more than the availability of sunlight that determines which grape varieties can thrive in a given region.
為了使果實(shí)勝利成熟惧笛，葡萄植株在生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi)所需的平均溫度大約在16℃到21℃間从媚。在生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi)，并不是所有的葡萄品種都需要相同的熱量患整。這也是為什么雷司令可以在涼爽的地區(qū)茁壯成長(zhǎng)拜效，而在那里歌海娜的果實(shí)卻無(wú)法陳熟。相比陽(yáng)光各谚，溫度更多程度上決定了一個(gè)地區(qū)適合種什么樣的葡萄品種紧憾。
Temperature has an impact on each stage of the vine’s growth cycle. In cooler regions, budburst occurs later. The shortened growing season could mean the grapes fail to ripen fully. Flowering and fruit set can be disrupted, and this reduces yields. If the temperature is cool during ripening, the grapes retain more acid and accumulate less sugar. Black grapes may struggle to reach physiological ripeness and will produce wines that are overly astringent and herbaceous. Conversely, warmer conditions lead to earlier budburst, a potentially longer growing season, accelerated ripening and accelerated loss of acidity, ripening of tannins and development of flavours. White varieties can cope in cooler climates because their tannins don’t need to ripen and they can produce a balanced wine with higher acid levels. Black varieties require moderate to warm climates that allow them to fully ripen their flavour, colour and tannins.
溫度對(duì)葡萄生長(zhǎng)周期的每一階段都有著非常重要的作用。在較涼爽地區(qū)昌渤，芽會(huì)萌發(fā)的較晚赴穗。生長(zhǎng)季縮短可能意味著葡萄無(wú)法完全成熟。開花和坐果的過程有可能被打斷，這就導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)般眉。如果成熟的過程中溫度較低了赵，葡萄果實(shí)中會(huì)保留更多的酸而積累較少的糖。紅葡萄品種要想成熟可能很困難甸赃，用這樣的葡萄釀出的酒就會(huì)比較澀且植物味明顯柿汛。相反，溫暖的氣候條件會(huì)使芽較早萌發(fā)辑奈，也意味著生長(zhǎng)季可能延長(zhǎng)苛茂，這會(huì)加速葡萄的成熟，加快酸度的消失和單寧的熟化鸠窗，以及更快地形成葡萄的各種風(fēng)味妓羊。白葡萄品種可以適應(yīng)較為涼爽的氣候條件，因?yàn)樗鼈兊膯螌幉恍枰旎约疲涂梢葬勗斐鏊岫容^高躁绸、具有平衡性的葡萄酒。紅葡萄品種需要在溫和或是溫暖的氣候條件下臣嚣，才能使葡萄中的風(fēng)味净刮、顏色和單寧完全成熟。
Factors Affecting the Annual Temperature?
Latitude?– Although the other factors listed below can locally override this trend in some parts of the world, generally temperatures are lower the further away a vineyard is from the equator. To meet the vine’s temperature needs and its preference for a dormant period, most vineyards lie between the latitudes of 30°and 50°north and south of the equator. However, factors other than latitude can make an area suitable for viticulture outside these limits.
影響年平均氣溫的因素
緯度?–盡管下面列舉的其它因素在某些地區(qū)可能超過緯度對(duì)溫度的影響硅则，但是總體而言淹父，葡萄園距離赤道越遠(yuǎn)溫度就會(huì)越低。為了滿足葡萄植株對(duì)溫度的需求以及它休眠期的喜好性怎虫，大多數(shù)葡萄園位于南北緯30°到50°之間暑认。然而，緯度之以外的其他因素也可能會(huì)使該緯度范圍外的地區(qū)同樣適合葡萄栽培大审。
Altitude?– The mean annual temperature drops by about 0.6℃?with every 100 metre increase in altitude. This means that regions that might otherwise be too hot, such as Cafayate in northern Argentina, can successfully cultivate vines despite their latitude.
海拔?– 海拔每升高100米蘸际，年平均溫度就會(huì)下降0.6℃。這也就意味著有些產(chǎn)區(qū)所在的緯度本來(lái)為炎熱地區(qū)徒扶，卻因?yàn)楹０蔚木壒柿竿部梢猿晒Φ胤N植葡萄，例如阿根廷北部的Cafayate 卡法亞特姜骡。
Ocean Currents?– Oceans can warm or cool the air above them. The major currents transport large volumes of warm or cool water across the surface of the planet, leading to local warming or cooling. The Humboldt Current off Chile and the Benguela Current off South Africa cool these regions that might otherwise be too hot for viticulture whereas the Gulf Stream warms the north west of Europe that might otherwise be too cold.
洋流?– 海洋可以使它上方的空氣變得溫暖或是涼爽导坟。在地球表面大范圍傳送溫暖或涼爽海水的主要洋流，可以使一個(gè)地區(qū)變得溫暖或者涼爽圈澈。從智利出發(fā)的 Humboldt Current 秘魯洋流和從南非出發(fā)的 Benguela Current 本格拉洋流使這些地區(qū)的氣候變得涼爽惫周，否則這些地區(qū)會(huì)由于過于炎熱而不適合種植葡萄，另外墨西哥灣流使得歐洲西北部那些原本可能過于寒冷的地區(qū)變得溫暖士败，因而適合葡萄種植。
Fog?– Fog can help cool an area that may otherwise struggle to produce high-quality grapes. This is a particularly important feature in many top vineyard areas in California as well as Casablanca in Chile.
霧?– 霧可以使一個(gè)地區(qū)的氣溫變得涼爽，否則這些地區(qū)要產(chǎn)出高品質(zhì)的葡萄就會(huì)非常困難谅将。這一點(diǎn)對(duì)加利福尼亞和智利 Casablanca 卡薩布蘭卡的一些頂級(jí)葡萄園來(lái)說(shuō)尤其重要漾狼。
Soil?– Soils that are either dark in colour or that have a high stone and rock content absorb and re-radiate more of the sun’s heat than lighter coloured soils. This re-radiated warmth can be critical for ripening fruit in cool climate. Soils with high water content require more energy to warm up, and conduct heat from the vine more quickly than dry soils. This can delay budburst.
土壤 – 與顏色較淺的土壤相比，顏色較深或石塊和巖石較多的土壤可以更多地吸收和再輻射來(lái)自太陽(yáng)的熱量饥臂。在涼爽的氣候條件下逊躁，這些再輻射的熱量對(duì)于果實(shí)的成熟起了極其關(guān)鍵的作用。含水量較高的土壤需要更多的能量才能變暖隅熙，從葡萄藤疏導(dǎo)熱量也會(huì)比干燥的土壤更快稽煤。這可能推遲芽的萌發(fā)。
Aspect?– The direction in which a slope faces is known as its aspect. The vineyards with an aspect facing the equator receive the most heat. In the northern hemisphere south facing slopes get the most warmth whereas in the southern hemisphere it is north facing slopes. This phenomenon is especially important in cool climates where the extra warmth can make the difference between a vine being able to ripen a crop or not. Steeper slopes benefit even more from this effect. This can be seen very clearly in the best vineyards of the Mosel which not only have the most favourable aspect but are also very steep.
朝向?– 斜坡面向的方位被稱為朝向囚戚，面朝赤道方向的葡萄園可以接收到最多的熱量酵熙，在北半球，那些朝南的斜坡可以獲得最多的熱量驰坊，而在南半球匾二，那些朝北的斜坡才能獲得更多的熱量。這種現(xiàn)象在涼爽氣候條件下的地區(qū)會(huì)尤其重要拳芙，因?yàn)轭~外的熱量差別決定了葡萄植株是否能結(jié)出成熟的果實(shí)察藐。陡峭的山坡更得益于這個(gè)效應(yīng)，這種現(xiàn)象可以在摩澤爾最出色的葡萄園非常明顯的看到舟扎，那里的葡萄園有著最有利的朝向并且位置非常陡峭分飞。
Factors Affecting Continentality
The temperature difference between winter and summer is referred to as continentality and the main factor that can reduce the extent of the variation in temperatures between the summer and winter months is the proximity of large bodies of water; either the sea or large lakes. Large bodies of water heat up and cool down slower than landmasses. Therefore in the winter they have a warming effect and in the summer they have a cooling effect on the surrounding air. Inland, the temperature difference between winter and summer can be significant, whereas in areas close to large bodies of water the seasonal temperature range is far less. For example, without the influence of Lake Ontario viticulture would not be possible in the Niagara Peninsula.
影響大陸度的因素
冬季和夏季的溫度差異程度被稱為大陸度，能夠降低夏季與冬季月份溫度差異變化程度的主要因素取決于該地區(qū)是否臨近大面積的水域睹限，例如海洋或是大的湖泊譬猫。大面積水域升溫和降溫都要比陸地緩慢。因此邦泄，對(duì)于其周圍的空氣來(lái)說(shuō)删窒，大面積水域在冬季起到使空氣升溫的效應(yīng)，夏季則有降溫的效應(yīng)顺囊。在內(nèi)陸地區(qū)肌索，冬季和夏季的溫差會(huì)相當(dāng)大，然而在與大面積水域相鄰近的地區(qū)特碳，季節(jié)性的溫差變化就會(huì)小很多诚亚。例如，如果沒有 Lake Ontario 安大略湖的影響午乓， Niagara Peninsula 尼亞加拉半島就無(wú)法栽培葡萄站宗。
Factors Affecting Diurnal Range?
As well as moderating the temperature differences between summer and winter, seas and lakes are the biggest factor that can reduce the temperature difference between day and night (the diurnal range). Huge bodies of water are required to have an effect from summer to winter, but relatively small bodies of water, such as smaller rivers and lakes, can hold enough warmth to keep the vineyard warm overnight and provide cooling breezes during the day. The level of cloud cover (generally higher nearer seas and lakes), also influences diurnal range, because temperatures drop more quickly on clear nights, when there is no insulating blanket of cloud, and rise more slowly on cloudy days, when sunlight cannot penetrate the ground so directly. Cool nights help the vine rest and extend the growing season. They also help slow the loss of volatile aromas from the grapes during ripening. Warm nights accelerate ripening, particularly the production of sugar. Wines from regions with high diurnal ranges tend to be fresher and more aromatic; those from regions with smaller diurnal ranges tend to be more full-bodied.
影響晝夜溫差的元素
海洋和湖泊不僅可以調(diào)節(jié)冬季與夏季的溫差，還是減少白天與晚上溫差（晝夜溫差）的最大因素益愈。大面積水域可以減少冬夏溫差梢灭，而那些較小的水域例如河流和湖泊夷家，可以貯藏足夠的熱量使葡萄園整夜保持溫暖，并在白天帶來(lái)涼爽的微風(fēng)敏释。云層遮蓋程度（通常在海洋和湖泊周圍比較高）也會(huì)影響晝夜溫差库快，因?yàn)樵跊]有云層隔離的晴朗夜晚，溫度會(huì)下降得更為迅速钥顽，而在有云層的白天义屏，由于陽(yáng)光無(wú)法直接穿透到地面，溫度也會(huì)上升得更加緩慢蜂大。涼爽的夜間環(huán)境有助于葡萄的休息闽铐，并延長(zhǎng)生長(zhǎng)季，還能減緩葡萄果實(shí)中的揮發(fā)性香氣在成熟過程中的流失奶浦。溫暖的夜間環(huán)境則會(huì)加速葡萄的成熟兄墅，特別是糖的生產(chǎn)。生長(zhǎng)在晝夜溫差較大的地區(qū)的葡萄釀成的酒通常會(huì)更加的清爽和芳香财喳；而那些來(lái)自晝夜溫差較小的地區(qū)所產(chǎn)的酒通常酒體就會(huì)更加的飽滿察迟。
Although high continentality and high diurnal range are often found together, there are many exceptions. The Napa Valley has low continentality (due to proximity to the Pacific), but high diurnal range (due to the alternation of on-shore and off-shore breezes and the effects of fog). ? ?
盡管較顯著的大陸度與較大的晝夜溫差經(jīng)常同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，但還是有許多例外耳高。Napa Valley 納帕谷的大陸度并不顯著（因?yàn)榫嚯x太平洋很近）扎瓶，但是晝夜溫差非常大（因?yàn)槭芙惶娉霈F(xiàn)的向岸風(fēng)和離岸風(fēng)以及霧的影響）。
Temperature Hazards?
If temperatures?fall below -20℃?(Winter Freeze) then the vine can be seriously damaged or killed. The part of the vine most as risk is the graft callus. In areas at risk from extreme cold, earth can used to cover up and protect the callus. In some extremely continental regions, the whole vine is buried over the winter.
溫度災(zāi)害
如果溫度低于零下20℃（冬季凍害）泌枪，葡萄就會(huì)遭受嚴(yán)重的傷害概荷，甚至?xí)劳觥Ｗ钊菀自庥鰞龊Φ牟课皇羌藿硬糠值挠鷤M織碌燕。在一些容易遭遇極度寒冷的地區(qū)误证，可以用土覆蓋愈傷組織來(lái)保護(hù)其免受傷害。在一些極端的大陸性氣候地區(qū)修壕，整株的葡萄都會(huì)被埋到地下來(lái)過冬愈捅。
Spring Frosts?occur when cold air below 0℃?collects at ground level, freezing any water vapour that has settled on surfaces. If this happens to newly burst buds or shoots it kills them. The damage done and the impact on yields can be enormous and in regions that are at risk growers go to great lengths to minimise the risk. There are four main forms of protection:①Burnersmay be placed throughout the vineyard and lit if frost is forecast. The heat they generate creates movement in the air preventing the cold air from settling and causing the frost. Smudge pots are a well-known type of burner that also create smoke. The smoke acts as insulation keeping ground heat in.?②Wind machines?are widely deployed in vineyards noted for frosts. The most common form looks like a large fan that draws warm air from above to keep the temperature at ground level above freezing. Some modern wind machines incorporate heaters.③Sprinklesmay be used to spray water onto the vines. As the water freezes, it releases some latent heat into the plant tissue protecting the buds and shoots. Thoughtful?④vineyard design?can also minimise the risk of frosts. Because cold air sinks to the lowest point it can find, it is best to plant vineyards on slopes and avoid depressions in which cold air can collect. Vineyards planted on the middle of the slope are noticeably less at risk from frost damage than low-lying areas. Vines can also be trained high to avoid the worst of the cold air.
春季當(dāng)?shù)乇頊囟鹊陀?℃時(shí)，冷空氣可以將停留在地表附近的水蒸氣凍結(jié)慈鸠，從而形成?春季凍霜蓝谨。如果霜凍發(fā)生在新萌發(fā)的芽或新枝上，會(huì)造成這些組織的死亡青团。由于霜凍造成的傷害以及對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響都極大譬巫，在易遭受霜凍的地區(qū)，種植者會(huì)竭盡全力去降低霜凍的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)督笆。主要有四種預(yù)防措施：在整個(gè)葡萄園的各個(gè)地方放置燃燒器芦昔，在霜凍預(yù)報(bào)的時(shí)候點(diǎn)燃它們。燃燒器產(chǎn)生的熱量使得空氣流動(dòng)起來(lái)娃肿，阻止了冷空氣停留形成霜凍咕缎。熏煙罐是常見的一種燃燒器珠十，它產(chǎn)生的煙霧作為隔離可以減少地面熱量的流失。風(fēng)機(jī)?也廣泛地應(yīng)用在葡萄園霜凍的防范上凭豪。最常見的風(fēng)機(jī)看起來(lái)像巨大的風(fēng)扇宵睦，吸入上方溫暖的空氣，將地面的溫度保持在凍結(jié)溫度以上墅诡。一些現(xiàn)代的風(fēng)機(jī)還結(jié)合了加熱裝置。噴灑器?可以用來(lái)給葡萄噴灑水滴桐智。當(dāng)水結(jié)冰時(shí)末早，它可以向植株的組織器官釋放出一些潛在熱量，進(jìn)而保護(hù)芽或新枝不受霜凍的傷害说庭。精心?設(shè)計(jì)的葡萄園?也能使霜凍的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降至最低然磷。由于冷空氣會(huì)下沉到它所到達(dá)的最低點(diǎn)，因此最好是將葡萄園安置在斜坡上刊驴，這樣就避免形成冷空氣聚集的凹地姿搜。那些種植在斜坡中部的葡萄植株與種植在較低地勢(shì)的植株相比，遭受霜凍的可能性會(huì)明顯減少捆憎。葡萄植株也可以整形成高樹性舅柜，這樣也可以避開最寒冷的空氣。
Mild Winters?or lack of a defined winter can prevent the vine becoming dormant. In extreme cases, particularly in subtropical climates, the vine can fall out of its natural annual cycle and may produce more than one crop each year. Its life will be shortened, and the quality of the crop will suffer. Mild winters also mean larger populations of vineyard insect pests survive to attack the vine the following summer.
溫和的冬季?或不典型的冬季會(huì)使葡萄無(wú)法進(jìn)入休眠狀態(tài)躲惰。在一些極端的情況下致份，尤其在亞熱帶氣候條件下的地區(qū)，葡萄本來(lái)的自然生長(zhǎng)周期可能被打亂础拨，導(dǎo)致一年結(jié)出一次以上的果實(shí)氮块。這會(huì)縮短葡萄植株的壽命，果實(shí)品質(zhì)也會(huì)降低诡宗。溫和的冬季也意味著更多的害蟲能夠存活越冬滔蝉，在來(lái)年夏季青海葡萄植株。
High Summer Temperatures?accelerate the ripening of grapes, altering the composition of the grapes and changing the style of the wine. Where there is insufficient water available, the vine may stop ripening the grapes, may shed its leaves and in extreme cases the vine will die.
夏季的高溫?會(huì)加速葡萄果實(shí)的成熟過程塔沃，改變果實(shí)中各成分的含量蝠引，進(jìn)而改變酒的風(fēng)格。當(dāng)環(huán)境中的水分供給不足時(shí)芳悲，葡萄植株有可能會(huì)終止果實(shí)成熟的過程立肘，脫落一些葉片，在極端情況下名扛，葡萄植株還會(huì)死亡谅年。
SUNLIGHT
What a vine needs
Without light, photosynthesis cannot happen and plants die. Light levels limit the rate of photosynthesis so, as long as there is sufficient water and heat, the more light there is the greater the amount of glucose the leaves produce for growth and ripening grapes. If conditions are cloudy, as in the Hunter Valley in Australia, grape sugar levels will remain low. Grapes also ripen better if they are exposed to direct sunlight although if it is too sunny they can suffer from sunburn, leading to bitter-tasting dark patches on the grape skins and reduction in wine quality.
陽(yáng)光
葡萄植株的需求
沒有陽(yáng)光，光合作用就不可能發(fā)生肮韧，植物就會(huì)死亡融蹂。光合作用的效率受限于日照的強(qiáng)度旺订，因此只要有充足的水分和熱量，陽(yáng)光越充足超燃，葉片就會(huì)生產(chǎn)出越多的葡萄糖來(lái)供植株生長(zhǎng)和果實(shí)成熟使用区拳。如果多云的天氣狀況較多，利潤(rùn)澳大利亞的獵人谷意乓，葡萄果實(shí)的含糖量會(huì)降低樱调，如果可以受到直接的陽(yáng)光照射，葡萄的果實(shí)會(huì)成熟的更好届良，但是如果陽(yáng)光過于強(qiáng)烈笆凌，果實(shí)就會(huì)被曬傷，導(dǎo)致葡萄果實(shí)的表皮上出現(xiàn)一些有苦味的黑色斑塊士葫，降低了葡萄的品質(zhì)乞而。
Factors Affecting Sunlight
Many of the factors that affect temperature also affect sunlight.
影響陽(yáng)光的因素
許多影響溫度的因素也都會(huì)影響到陽(yáng)光。
Seas and Lakes?– Vineyards near large bodies of water tend to experience more cloud cover. Regions at the centre of large land masses tend to be sunnier. In some cases, vineyards situated above rivers or lakes can benefit from reflected sunlight.
海洋和湖泊?– 那些距離大面積水域比較近的葡萄園通常會(huì)更容易被云層遮蓋慢显。而那些處在大面積陸地中央的葡萄園一般會(huì)遇到更多的晴朗天氣爪模。有時(shí)，位于河流和湖泊上游的葡萄園可以接收到水面反射的陽(yáng)光荚藻。
Latitude?– Day length during the summer growing season is longer the further the vineyard is from the equator. This?extra sunlight is an important factor in ripening Riesling in Germany, and Cabernet Sauvignon in Washington State.
緯度?– 葡萄園距離赤道越遠(yuǎn)屋灌，夏季生長(zhǎng)季的白晝時(shí)間就越長(zhǎng)。這些額外的陽(yáng)光對(duì)于德國(guó)的雷司令和華盛頓州赤霞珠葡萄的成熟起到了重要的作用应狱。
Aspect?– A slope’s aspect affects the amount of sunlight it receives and steeper slopes benefit more from this effect. Vineyards that face the equator receive the most sunlight. The greater the distance from the equator the weaker the sun’s energy so for vineyards that are closest to the poles, maximising the sunlight with a favourable aspect is especially important.
朝向?– 斜坡的朝向會(huì)決定它能接收到多少陽(yáng)光声滥，而陡峭的山坡最為受益。那些面向赤道的葡萄園會(huì)接收到更多的陽(yáng)光侦香。距離赤道越遠(yuǎn)落塑，陽(yáng)光的能量強(qiáng)度就越會(huì)弱，所以對(duì)那些離南北兩極最近的葡萄園來(lái)說(shuō)罐韩，選擇有利的朝向來(lái)獲取最大程度的光照極其重要憾赁。
Sunlight Hazards
Vines evolved as woodland climbers and they would tend to flower and fruit when they broke through into the light above the leaf canopy. It would be a waste of energy if they fruited in the shade of the trees out of sight of the birds because birds are needed to spread the vine’s seeds. Buds that form on excessively shaded vine are therefore less fruitful. Shaded flowers are also at greater risk of coulure and the grapes that do develop may struggle to ripen.
陽(yáng)光災(zāi)害
葡萄植株在林地攀援植物進(jìn)化而來(lái)，當(dāng)它們突破樹冠出現(xiàn)在陽(yáng)光下時(shí)會(huì)開花結(jié)果散吵。如果它們?cè)跇涫a遮擋下開花結(jié)果龙考，就會(huì)白白浪費(fèi)能量，因?yàn)轼B類看不見被樹蔭遮擋的果實(shí)矾睦，就無(wú)法為葡萄植株傳播種子晦款。那些處在過多樹蔭遮擋下的芽結(jié)出的果實(shí)果味會(huì)比較清淡。被遮陰的花朵遭受落花（不坐果）的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)更大枚冗，而且即使結(jié)出果實(shí)也很難發(fā)育成熟缓溅。
Canopy management techniques can be used to ensure grapes are ripened successfully in areas with little sunlight, and areas that are very sunny. Exceptionally cloudy conditions can stop grapes ripening fully, leading to low levels of alcohol, and unripe tannins and flavours. They also lead to decreased crops the following year. Exceptionally sunny conditions can cause sunburn, leading to bitter flavours in the grape skins.
在那些陽(yáng)光較為稀缺或過于強(qiáng)烈的地區(qū)，樹冠管理技術(shù)可以確保葡萄果實(shí)的順利成熟赁温。過多的多云天氣會(huì)阻礙葡萄完全成熟坛怪，使酒的酒精度較低淤齐，并出現(xiàn)生澀的單寧和不成熟的風(fēng)味，還會(huì)造成來(lái)年減產(chǎn)袜匿。而過多的晴朗天氣也可能導(dǎo)致曬傷更啄，使葡萄果皮出現(xiàn)苦味。
