獨立主格（寫作必備口語必會）
本質(zhì)：非謂語動詞邏輯主語與主句（干）主語不同有自己獨立的主語
獨立主格=邏輯主語+非謂語動詞
1. 常見的構(gòu)成形式有 ?
（1）名詞或代詞+ 現(xiàn)在分詞 （表主動）
Time permitting, we shall have a picnic this weekend.
邏輯主語現(xiàn)在分詞
條件狀語
如果時間（天氣）允許的話窒舟，我們周末去野餐。
If time permits, we shall have a picnic this weekend.
條件狀語從句
Aluminium being very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired. 鋁很軟，所以我們很容易地將它壓成所需要的形狀陌凳。
邏輯主語現(xiàn)在分詞短語
原因狀語
Because aluminium is very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired
原因狀語從句
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
邏輯主語現(xiàn)在分詞短語
時間狀語
做出決定后，下一個問題是如何作出一個好的計劃其做。
After he decision had been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan
時間狀語從句
（2）名詞或代詞+ 過去分詞（表被動）
The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.
After the experiment had been done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.
實驗做完后盗忱，學(xué)生們在實驗報告中繼續(xù)作記錄。
The job finished, we went home straight away.
After the job had been finished, we went home straight away.
工作結(jié)束后腹殿，我們便立即回了家。
The sum added, we’ll have enough money for the trip.
If the sum is added, we’ll have enough money for the trip.
如果加上這筆錢例书，我們旅行的費用就足夠了锣尉。
注意：用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，要看前面的名詞或代詞與后面動詞的關(guān)系：是主謂關(guān)系决采，即名詞代
詞作了動詞的邏輯主語自沧，就用v.-ing 形式；若是動賓關(guān)系树瞭，即名詞或代詞是動詞的邏輯賓語拇厢，用v.-ed 形式。
（3）名詞或代詞+ 形容詞（狀語從句中系動詞的省略）
He entered the room, his nose red with cold. 他進到房間里晒喷，鼻子凍得紅紅的孝偎。
時間狀語
He entered the room, while his nose was red with cold
時間狀語從句
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，半張著嘴凉敲。
時間狀語
He sat in the front row, while his mouth was half open.他坐在前排衣盾，半張著嘴。?特殊句子
時間狀語從句
The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of them over 600 years old.
The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,and all of them are over 600 years old.
并列句
The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,all of which are over 600 years old.
定語從句
英格蘭發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大收藏是20 萬枚銀制便士爷抓，它們都有六百余年的歷史势决。
（4）名詞或代詞+ 副詞（狀語從句中系動詞的省略）
Dinner over, we decide to play bridge. 吃過晚飯，我們決定打橋牌蓝撇。
After dinner is over, we decide to play bridge
The meal over, prays were read by Miss Miller. 飯后果复，米勒小姐開始讀祈禱文。
After the meal had been over, prays were read by Miss Miller
（5）名詞或代詞+ 介詞短語 ?（狀語從句中系動詞的省略）
The teacher came into the classroom, book in hand. 老師盡了教室唉地，手里拿著書据悔。注意：名詞前不需要冠詞传透。?
The teacher came into the classroom, while book was in hand
The teacher came back suddenly, book in hand. 教師手里拿著書突然回來了。
The teacher came back suddenly, while book was in hand
In half an hour Delia came, her right in a bandage. 半小時后极颓，迪莉婭回來了朱盐，她右手纏著繃帶。
In half an hour Delia came, while her right was in a bandage
As quickly as they could, the men ran to the steps and up into the open, many of them with their clothes on fire.
As quickly as they could, the men ran to the steps and up into the open, while many of them with their clothes were on fire.
人們盡快地跑向樓梯菠隆，爬到戶外兵琳，許多人的衣服都燒著了。
（6）名詞或代詞+ 不定式骇径。(表將來)
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely twelve.
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, beacuse the procession will start moving at precisely twelve.
我們必須在十點四十五分集合躯肌，游行隊伍在十二點整開始出發(fā)。
I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us, the rest to follow within a month.
I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us, and the rest will follow within a month.
我今天把我們之間已商定的金額總數(shù)的四分之三寄給你破衔，余下的部分將在一個月內(nèi)寄去清女。
A large number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
A large number of officials followed the emperor and some would hold his robe and others would adjust his girdle, and so on.
許多官員尾隨皇帝之后，有的給他拎著衣服晰筛，有的給他整理腰帶等嫡丙。
The two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details to be worked out later.
The two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle and the details would be worked out later.
對方首先應(yīng)該就基本的原則性問題達成協(xié)議，細節(jié)以后再訂读第。
2.with/without + 復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)
with+邏輯主語+非謂語動詞短語/形容詞/介詞短語/副詞/不定式/名詞/
with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語或定語等曙博，構(gòu)成形式只是在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前+with，語法功能與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相同怜瞒，但獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的作邏輯主語的代詞用主格父泳，而 with，without吴汪，like 等介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語用名詞或賓語代詞惠窄。如：
（1）with + 名詞/代詞 + 分詞。
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的歡呼聲中漾橙，他們驅(qū)車來到皇宮睬捶。
狀語（介賓短語）
賓語賓補
With Peter working in Birmingham, and Lucy traveling most of the week, the house seems pretty empty.
彼得在伯明翰工作，而露西這周對半時間到處跑近刘，屋里顯得空空的。
比較：
As time goes on, our life is becoming more beautiful. ?
時間狀語從句
With time going on, our life is becoming more beautiful.
伴隨狀語
伴隨著時間的推移臀晃，我們的生活變得更加美好觉渴。
（2）with + 名詞/代詞 + 形容詞。（系動詞的省略）
He stared at me with his mouth open. 他張著嘴徽惋，凝視著我案淋。
（3）with + 名詞/代詞 + 介詞短語。 （系動詞的省略）
He stood with his hand in his pocket. 他站著险绘，一只手插在衣袋里踢京。
注意：與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別誉碴。
He ran into the house,?sword in hand.（名詞sword 前沒有冠詞）
He ran into the house, with a sword in his right hand. （名詞sword 前有冠詞）
（4）with + 名詞/代詞 + 副詞。 （系動詞的省略）
The boy stood there, with his head down. 這個男孩站在那兒瓣距，低著頭黔帕。
（5）with + 名詞/代詞 + 不定式 ?（系動詞的省略）
????With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 由于沒有人說話，約翰感到很悲哀蹈丸。
（6）with + 名詞/代詞 + 名詞 （系動詞的省略）
She died with her son (being) yet a school boy. 她去世時兒子還在上學(xué)讀書成黄。
with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)還有可能作定語。
Troy was a strong city with a great and thick wall around it. 特洛伊是一座周圍有又大又厚的城墻圍繞的堅固城市逻杖。
[if !supportLists]3.?[endif]邏輯主語籠統(tǒng)型獨立自主格
一種語言簡化方式
（people/we/they）Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.
（people/we/they）Strictly speaking, this is not a right answer.
（people/we/they）Judging from his accent, he must be from England.
4.不能省略being的情況
there being/代詞+ being
①當(dāng)獨立主格的主語是代詞時
As it is a holiday, all the shops are shut.
It beinga holiday all the shops are shut.由于是假日奋岁，所有商店都關(guān)門了。
②therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中
As there is no bus, we have to watk home.
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于沒有公共汽車荸百，我們只好走路回家闻伶。
