對(duì)于老師們來說
英語課堂上
“從句”
是一個(gè)必講的重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)
外語教師聯(lián)盟每周一
“專項(xiàng)語法難題探微”欄目
（以下簡稱“探微”）
首期知識(shí)點(diǎn)為大家?guī)砹?/p>
定語從句
（共八講）
前四期內(nèi)容為（可點(diǎn)擊查看）
1.并列成分公共后置定語
2.中心詞與其后置定語的分隔現(xiàn)象
3.多重定語從句的種類和特點(diǎn)
4.引導(dǎo)定語從句的 “ 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 ” 結(jié)構(gòu)
本期第四講——
定語從句與分詞短語的轉(zhuǎn)換
定于
語
從
句
本期內(nèi)容導(dǎo)圖（點(diǎn)擊查看大圖）
英語的表達(dá)方式是非常靈活而又多種多樣的藏鹊。人們常常用各種不同的形式诀黍、措辭去表示同一個(gè)意思。
英語定語從句與分詞短語的轉(zhuǎn)換就是其中之一萤厅，這就是說毕贼，在表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思時(shí)吃ǘ睿可用定語從句和分詞短語兩種不同的表達(dá)方式尽纽。
然而，我們不能見到定語從句乃坤，就可隨意將其改為分詞短語作定語的句子苛让，而要視情況而定。
以下從三個(gè)方面對(duì)定語從句與分詞短語的轉(zhuǎn)換作些介紹湿诊。
A
主動(dòng)式定語從句與分詞短語的轉(zhuǎn)換
在主動(dòng)式定語從句中狱杰，如關(guān)系代詞作從句中的主語，其謂語是一個(gè)行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)厅须，在以下情況下仿畸，一般都可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的分詞短語。
a.定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞和主句的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)間上是一致的朗和，這主要見于兩種情況:
一是主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都是一般過去時(shí)
二是主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
例如 :
He used to live in the house which faced south.
→ He used to live in the house facing south .
他過去常常住在面向南里的那間房
The students who study here are mostly from peasant families.
→ The students studying here are mostly from peasant families.
在這里學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生大部分是農(nóng)民家庭出身错沽。
b.從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)眶拉、過去時(shí)或其他時(shí)態(tài)千埃。
例如 :
The man that is talking with Mary is my brother.
→ The man talking with Mary is my brother .
跟瑪麗談話的那個(gè)人是我哥哥
Come tomorrow and show your visa to the man who will be at that desk.
→ Come tomorrow and show your visa to the man sitting at that desk .
你明天來，把你的簽證給坐在那個(gè)桌子邊的那個(gè)人看看忆植。
c.從句和主句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間都是泛指的放可。
例如 :
China is a developing socialist country which belongs to the third world.
→China is a developing socialist country belonging to the third world .
中國是一個(gè)屬于第三世界的發(fā)展中的社會(huì)主義國家。
Astronomers are those who study these heavenly bodies.
→Astronomers are those studying these heavenly bodies .
天文學(xué)家就是那些研究天體的人朝刊。
d.如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞后沒有作狀語的介詞短語耀里，或者從句中衹有謂語動(dòng)詞，轉(zhuǎn)換后拾氓，現(xiàn)在分詞常置于中心詞之前冯挎。
例如:
The countries which are developing should get united.
→ The developing countries should get united .
發(fā)展中的國家應(yīng)該團(tuán)結(jié)起來
Dogs that bark seldom bite.
→ Barking dogs seldom bite .
愛叫的狗很少咬人。
e.如果定語從句的謂語有表示程度痪枫、時(shí)間和方式的副詞或副詞短語修飾語织堂，這時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換為帶這種副詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作中心詞的前置修飾語叠艳，其副詞和現(xiàn)在分詞之間必須用連字號(hào)連結(jié)起來奶陈。
例如:
This is a river which flows fast.
→ This is a fast-flowing river.
這是一條急流的河易阳。
The peasants who work hard deserve such rewards.
→? The hard-working peasants deserve such rewards.
這些辛勤勞動(dòng)的農(nóng)民應(yīng)該得到這樣的報(bào)酬。
We must decrease the costs which always increase.
→ We must decrease the always-increasing costs .
我們必須減少那些總是上升的費(fèi)用吃粒。
f.如定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞只帶一個(gè)普通名詞作賓語潦俺，這時(shí)從句除可直接轉(zhuǎn)換為分詞短語作后置定語外，還可轉(zhuǎn)換為帶這種名詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語徐勃，其名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞之間必須用連字符事示。
試比較:
He spent his childhood in the old society which ate men.
→ He spent his childhood in the old society eating men.
/He spent his childhood in the men-eating old society.
他在吃人的舊社會(huì)度 過了他的童年 。
The south of Jiangsu is an area which grows rice.
→ The south of Jiangsu is rice-growing area. /The south of Jiangsu is an area growing rice 僻肖，
江蘇南部是產(chǎn)稻區(qū)肖爵。
B
被動(dòng)式定語從句與分詞短語的轉(zhuǎn)換
a.如果被動(dòng)式定語從句中含有作狀語的介詞短語，這種定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為過去分詞作原定語從句中心詞的后置定語臀脏，過去分詞所表示的時(shí)間一般在謂語動(dòng)詞之前劝堪，其動(dòng)作具有完成意義。
例如 :
Do you know the student who was praised by the teacher?
→ Do you know the student Praised by the teacher?
你認(rèn)識(shí)那位受 過老師表揚(yáng)的學(xué)生嗎 ?
The Fengqing was a freighter that was built in China and was fitted entirely with Chinese- made equipment.
→ The Fengqing was a freighter built in China and fitted entirely with Chinese-made equipment
風(fēng)慶輪是中國制造的并且完全是中國裝備的一艘輪船揉稚。
在定語從句表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí) 秒啦， 也可轉(zhuǎn)換為過去分詞短語作后置定語 ， 這時(shí)過去分詞 只是單純表示被動(dòng)意義搀玖。
例如 :
Many kin of ants milk little bugs that are called ant cows.
→ Many kinds of ants milk little bugs called ant cows.
許多種螞蟻會(huì)吮吸一種稱為蟻牛的小蟲子的液汁吃余境。
b.如果被動(dòng)式定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換為現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)形式作后置定語。
例如:
The matter which is being discussed is of importance.
→ The matter being discussed is of importance . 正在討論的那種事情是很重要的灌诅。
The house which was being built has been completed.
→ The house being built has been completed .
當(dāng)時(shí)在建的那幢房子現(xiàn)在已完工了芳来。
如果被動(dòng)式定語從句中的動(dòng)詞是完成時(shí)態(tài)，既可改為過去分詞作后置定語猜拾，亦可改為現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作后置定語即舌。
例如:
Here is an experiment which has been done this year.
→ Here is an experiment done this year.
/Here is an experiment having been done this year.
這是今年已完成的一次的實(shí)驗(yàn)。
如果被動(dòng)式定語從句的動(dòng)詞是將來時(shí)关带，則用不定式的被動(dòng)式來表示.
c.如果被動(dòng)式定語從句中只有"be+過去分詞"侥涵，轉(zhuǎn)換后的過去分詞在大多數(shù)情況下既可位于它所修飾的名詞之前，亦可位于所修飾的名詞之后宋雏，前者比后者常見芜飘。
例如:
He has memorized the words which were underlined.
→ He has memorized the underlined words .
/ He has memorized the words underlined .
他已經(jīng)記住了那些劃線的單詞。
從所收集的例句來看磨总，在定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)式狀態(tài)意義較強(qiáng)時(shí)嗦明，轉(zhuǎn)換后的過去分詞一般要前置;若其動(dòng)作意義較強(qiáng)，或者是由于習(xí)慣的原因蚪燕，則轉(zhuǎn)換后的過去分詞要后置娶牌。
試比較:
Soon our leaders who are respected and beloved entered the banquet hall.
→ Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall .
不久我們敬愛的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人走進(jìn)了宴會(huì)廳奔浅。
The mistakes which were found have been corrected.
→ The mistakes found have been corrected.
發(fā)現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤已經(jīng)得到了糾正。
d.如果被動(dòng)式定語從句是一個(gè)否定結(jié)構(gòu)诗良，可轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)帶否定前綴的過去分詞作前置定語汹桦。
例如:
The substance which is not known is going to be tasted
→ The unknown substance is going to be tasted.
對(duì)不知道的那種物質(zhì)將 要嘗試一下。
The problem which was not solved has been solved.
→ The un-solved problem has been solved .
那個(gè)未曾解決的問題現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)解決了鉴裹。
如被動(dòng)式定語從句中有副詞舞骆，可把副詞放在過去分詞之前，二者作為一個(gè)整體作中心詞的前置定語径荔。
例如:
You must follow the motion which was unanimously adopted.
→ You must follow the unanimously adopted motion .
你應(yīng)該遵循那個(gè)被一致采納的提議督禽。
e.如果被動(dòng)式定語從句中含有“by+表示一般概念的普通名詞”的短語，這種by短語后的名詞常同詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞作原從句中心詞的前置定語总处。
例如:
The satellite which was made by man is going round the earth.
→ The man-made satellite is going round the earth.
人造衛(wèi)星在繞著地球運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狈惫。
This is the machine which is controlled by radio. → This is the radio - controlled machine.
這是一臺(tái)由無線電控制的機(jī)器。
C
定語從句不能轉(zhuǎn)換為分詞短語的情況
a.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語以外的其他成分時(shí)其定語從句不能改為分詞短語鹦马。
例如 :
You've forgotten most of the words that you learned last year.
你已忘記了你去年所學(xué)的大部分單詞 胧谈。
(that在從句中作賓語，從句不能用分詞來表示)
Do you know the man whose family is in Hubei? 你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)家在湖北的人嗎?
( whose在從句中作定語菠红，不能轉(zhuǎn)換)
b.定語從句中含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第岖，不能改成分詞短語作定語。這是因?yàn)榉衷~短語沒有情態(tài)意義试溯，不能表達(dá)說話人的感情蔑滓、態(tài)度。如果轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞短語遇绞，則意義大不相同键袱。
例如:
Is there anyone who can do it?
有誰個(gè)能做這件事嗎？
( 比較 : Is there anyone doing it ?
有誰個(gè)在做那件事嗎 ? )
Do you know the girl who can speak four foreign languages?
你認(rèn)識(shí)會(huì)講四門外語的那位姑娘嗎 ?
( 比較 : Do you know the girl speaking four foreign languages ?
你認(rèn)識(shí)講四門外語的那位姑娘嗎 ? )
c. 以關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句摹闽，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞指的是前面整個(gè)句子蹄咖，或者指謂語的一部分等，而不是修飾某個(gè)先行詞時(shí)付鹿，不能改成分詞短語作后置定語澜汤。
例如:
He finished the task in time, which was what I expected.
他按 時(shí)完成了那項(xiàng)任務(wù)， 這正是我們所期待的 舵匾。
( which 指整個(gè)主句 )
He can write a letter in English,which I can't. 他能用英語寫信俊抵，我可不能 。
( which 指 write a letter in English )
I asked him to lend me his new bike, which he did.
我叫他把新車子借給我坐梯，他就借給我了徽诲。
( which 指 lend me his new bike )
內(nèi)容來源（獨(dú)家授權(quán)）：
張鑫友. 英語語法難題探微詞典[M]. 華中師范大學(xué)出版社.
本文編輯：Joyce
編輯助理：Jane
下期預(yù)告
英語語法之“定語從句”（六）
定語從句的非定語意義
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