雅思閱讀中的代詞
眾里尋他千百度,驀然回首炎功,那人卻在燈火闌珊處枚冗。——辛棄疾
今天我們也要回首尋“他”蛇损,而這個(gè)“他”不是詩(shī)歌中佳人美女官紫,而是我們英文中的代詞肛宋。它看似渺小州藕,卻起著支撐句子甚至段落橋梁的作用束世,考官經(jīng)常在此設(shè)置考點(diǎn),來(lái)考察烤鴨對(duì)句子間整體的理解床玻。
代詞毁涉,是用來(lái)代替前面已提到過(guò)的名詞或者概念。
縱觀劍4-劍11的真題锈死,幾乎每本劍橋真題都有涉及代詞的考點(diǎn)贫堰,其中劍9Test4Passage1,Q3待牵,Q7其屏,Q8,Q12四個(gè)題均涉及代詞的考察缨该,小烤鴨如果能明確指代的考點(diǎn)偎行,能在總分基礎(chǔ)上提高0.5的分?jǐn)?shù)。下面跟著艾達(dá)來(lái)揭開(kāi)指代詞考點(diǎn)的廬山真面目贰拿。
當(dāng)題干定位詞對(duì)應(yīng)原文的句子前后有指代詞出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候蛤袒,烤鴨一定要向前或者向后把代詞附近的句子看全并理解之后,再下手做題膨更。
一妙真、定位前后遇指代,回首上文找玄機(jī)
當(dāng)我們通過(guò)題干定位詞找到原文的時(shí)候荚守,如果遇到代詞則需要“回首”上文尋找指代對(duì)象珍德,小心因指代不明而丟分,具體操作步驟如下:
Step1:先確定代詞單復(fù)數(shù)
Step2:閱讀代詞所在句和前一句矗漾,尋找符合單復(fù)數(shù)形式名詞或內(nèi)容
Step3:帶入原句檢查含義邏輯是否合適锈候,明確指代對(duì)象
以劍橋4的TEST1的passage2的一個(gè)填空題為例:
題目:Nerveslinked to their _______ are underdeveloped.
原文:Similarly, although at least some cetaceans havetaste buds, thenervesservingthesehave degenerated or are rudimentary.
解析:本題考察了定位詞nerve所在句子的these指代詞,往前找到了離these最近的復(fù)數(shù)名詞為taste buds帶入句子中缩功,說(shuō)連接著taste buds(味蕾)的nerves(神經(jīng))已經(jīng)degenerated或者rudimentary(退化)晴及,即連著味蕾的神經(jīng)已經(jīng)退化,含義合適嫡锌,答案即為復(fù)數(shù)名詞taste buds虑稼。
二、多面嬌娃之“不同的指代對(duì)象”
烤鴨在返回上文尋找指代對(duì)象的時(shí)候势木,代詞指代對(duì)象是比較豐富的蛛倦,主要有以下幾種形式:
1)代詞考察形式一:指代上文提到的名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)
以劍橋6的TEST1的Passage2的一個(gè)判斷題為例:
題目:“International trade is increasing at a great rate than the worldeconomy.”
原文:“International
trade is growing at a startling pace. While the globaleconomyhas been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twicethat.”
解析:國(guó)際貿(mào)易正在以驚人的速度在增長(zhǎng)。同時(shí)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)正在以每年3%多一點(diǎn)的速度在擴(kuò)張啦桌,貿(mào)易量的年度增長(zhǎng)率是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的兩倍溯壶。最后一個(gè)單詞that指代前面的名詞economy及皂,能不能迅速看出指代的內(nèi)容直接影響到題目的答案判斷。
2)代詞考察形式二:指代上文提到句子
以劍橋9的TEST4的Passage1判斷題為例:
題目:Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sister’sfinancial contribution.
原文第二段:……From her earningsshe was able to finance her sister Bronia’s medical studies inParis, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn ,later help her to get an education.
原文第三段:In 1891this promises was fulfilled…
解析:題干說(shuō)瑪麗居里上學(xué)是由于妹妹的資助且改。原文說(shuō)瑪麗居里從她的收入里資助妹妹验烧,心想妹妹將來(lái)反過(guò)來(lái)會(huì)資助她,沒(méi)有交代妹妹資助瑪麗居里的事情又跛,很多小烤鴨因而錯(cuò)選了NOT GIVEN碍拆。但是我們看到緊接著下一段出現(xiàn)了指代詞this promise,再進(jìn)一步閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)承諾被實(shí)現(xiàn)(fulfilled)慨蓝,即后來(lái)妹妹資助了姐姐上學(xué)感混,答案應(yīng)該選擇TRUE。
3)代詞考察形式三:指代上一段落的內(nèi)容
以劍橋5的TEST1的Passage2段落配信息為例:
題干:biological explanation of the teacher-subjects’ behavior
原文F段:One’s first inclinationmight be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment礼烈,….
原文G段:An alternative tothis notionof genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as result of the social environment under which environment was carried out.
解析:題干需要回原文找到Biological的同意替換弧满,很多烤鴨一看到G段開(kāi)頭的genetic programming以為是找到biological的同意替詞,立馬就選G此熬,卻不知這正中了考官的下懷庭呜,掉進(jìn)了考官埋伏的指代詞的陷阱。因?yàn)镚段開(kāi)頭句有指代詞this出現(xiàn)摹迷,它翻譯出來(lái)是疟赊,對(duì)于基因項(xiàng)目genetic programming可供選擇的alternatives解釋是由于所在的環(huán)境social environment。峡碉,所以基因項(xiàng)目是對(duì)上段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)近哟,F(xiàn)該開(kāi)頭的animal aggression instinct才是biological的改寫(xiě)。
4)代詞考察形式四:連環(huán)指代
以劍橋9的TEST4的Passage1完成句子為例:
題干:Marie and Pierre Curie’s research into the radioactivity of themineralknown as……led tothe discovery of two new elements.
原文:Turing her attention tominerals, she found her interest drawn topitchblende, amineralwhose radioactivity superior to that of pure uranium, could beexplained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknownsubstance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that shehad undertaken to resolvethis problem, andthatled tothe discoveryof thenew elements,polonium and radiations.
解析:題干two new elements→找到原文new elements, polonium and radiations→往前看發(fā)現(xiàn)that指代詞→向前尋找指代詞的含義時(shí)又找到了另一個(gè)指代詞this problem→繼續(xù)往前發(fā)現(xiàn)了答案要的mineral就是pitchblende鲫寄。本題考查了雙重指代吉执,用指代詞將句子和句子穿針引線連在一起,體現(xiàn)了英文句子邏輯連貫性地来,出題非常有水平戳玫。
5)代詞的考察形式五:“多樣的指代詞”
小烤鴨要知道代詞的形式不只有單數(shù)指代this、that未斑、復(fù)數(shù)指代詞these咕宿,those,還有such + n.蜡秽,以及對(duì)應(yīng)原文內(nèi)容的名詞等府阀。
劍橋7的TEST1的passage3的一個(gè)判斷題為例:
題目:In the follow-up class,the teaching activities are similar to those used in conventional classes.
原文:Some hours after the two-part session, there is a follow-up classat which the students are stimulated to recall the material presented. Once again the approach is indirect. The students do not focus their attention on trying to remember the vocabulary, but focus on using the languageto communicate (e.g. throughgames or improvised dramatizations).Such methodsare not unusual in language teaching.
解析:我們通過(guò)題干follow-up定位原文內(nèi)容:兩個(gè)部分結(jié)束后幾個(gè)小時(shí),有一個(gè)后續(xù)課程芽突,學(xué)生被刺激要回想這些材料试浙,又一次,方法是間接的寞蚌,學(xué)生并不把注意力集中到努力記單詞上田巴,而是聚焦于使用語(yǔ)言交流(通過(guò)游戲還有即興小品)钠糊,這些方法在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中很普遍。其中Such methods要指代名詞復(fù)數(shù)壹哺,前面只有g(shù)ames or improvised dramatizations是復(fù)數(shù)抄伍,而這兩個(gè)都是a follow-up class中的教學(xué)活動(dòng),對(duì)應(yīng)的是判斷題題干的a follow-up class中的teaching activities斗躏,similar對(duì)應(yīng)的是題干的not unusual逝慧,本題考察指代和雙重否定,出題水平很高啄糙。
另外以劍橋7的TEST2的Passage1判斷為例:
題干:Onlytwo Japanese pagodashave collapsed in 1400 years.
原文:In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes,how have Japan’s tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings -500 or so wooden pagodas-remainedstanding for centuries云稚?Records show that only twohave collapsed during the past 1400 years.
解析:本題看似簡(jiǎn)單其實(shí)考察的是two指代的對(duì)象隧饼,題干和原文幾乎沒(méi)有什么變化,其實(shí)仔細(xì)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)静陈,定位原文two所在的句子少了pagodas這個(gè)詞燕雁,而返回上文發(fā)現(xiàn)two指代的就是日本寶塔,本題看似簡(jiǎn)單鲸拥,實(shí)則考察指代拐格。
三、“閱寫(xiě)一家人”
閱讀和寫(xiě)作有很多相同的地方刑赶,因?yàn)槎际强疾鞂W(xué)生的literacy, 即文字功底能力捏浊。閱讀是看別人寫(xiě)的文章,而寫(xiě)作是寫(xiě)文章給別人閱讀撞叨,所以雅思閱讀中的代詞也正好呼應(yīng)了寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的coherence和cohesion(C&C)即句子和句子之間的邏輯連貫性金踪,小烤鴨可以通過(guò)閱讀的代詞的練習(xí)提升寫(xiě)作C&C方面的分?jǐn)?shù)。
結(jié)合以上例子牵敷,我們可以得出結(jié)論胡岔,代詞在雅思閱讀答題中起到了重要的作用,考察題型多樣化判斷枷餐、填空靶瘸、段落配都可以出題∶撸考生們要重視代詞的指代內(nèi)容怨咪,做出合理推斷,最終得出正確答案村生。