? ? ? ?雅思寫(xiě)作為初級(jí)學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作,其重點(diǎn)不在于文章的個(gè)性化和引人入勝渴语,而在于條理清楚苹威,論證說(shuō)明充分,在切合一般書(shū)面語(yǔ)的規(guī)范的基礎(chǔ)上做到詞匯驾凶,語(yǔ)法和句式結(jié)構(gòu)的較為豐富和多變牙甫。換言之掷酗,胡適曾云,作文之道腹暖,一是要明白曉暢汇在,二是要有一種迫人的力量。后者主要適用于富有個(gè)性的寫(xiě)作脏答,如散文或美文等等糕殉,類(lèi)似寫(xiě)作講究韻味,或者說(shuō)是要掌握獨(dú)特的行文風(fēng)格殖告,這也是文學(xué)寫(xiě)作區(qū)別于實(shí)用寫(xiě)作的重要之處阿蝶。但不管怎樣,文學(xué)寫(xiě)作也是建立在掌握實(shí)用寫(xiě)作之上的黄绩,也就是美國(guó)小說(shuō)家厄普代克所說(shuō)的羡洁,文學(xué)寫(xiě)作猶如匠人造物,在創(chuàng)造出奪目的藝術(shù)品之前也需掌握一般木工的切削挖刻等的基本技巧爽丹。由此筑煮,本文想就雅思全真題的一些范文來(lái)探討下考生需掌握的語(yǔ)法和句法等兩方面的技巧。
英諺云“Variety is the spice of life”,意既富于變化為生活添加情趣粤蝎。這句話也不妨可以看做雅思寫(xiě)作中語(yǔ)法和句法變化的一般指導(dǎo)性原則真仲。雅思寫(xiě)作的評(píng)分有四項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),它們分別是:一.論證扣題度與充實(shí)度初澎;二.行文連貫性與銜接效果秸应;三.詞匯量和用詞準(zhǔn)確度;四.語(yǔ)法準(zhǔn)確度和多樣性碑宴。其中的第四部分既為本文論述的重點(diǎn)软啼,也就是雅思高分的文章不僅要語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤少,還需要避免語(yǔ)法和句法單調(diào)延柠,富于變化祸挪。一般而言,語(yǔ)法和句法有著比較密切的關(guān)系捕仔,除了時(shí)態(tài)等的選擇匕积,句法,也就是文章移動(dòng)的步法(pace),與語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)綜交織榜跌,有時(shí)句法結(jié)構(gòu)選擇錯(cuò)誤,也就意味著出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤盅粪,同時(shí)钓葫,得分較低的一些雅思作文都有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn),也就是句法或者語(yǔ)法比較單調(diào)票顾,讓人讀起來(lái)味同嚼蠟础浮。比如下面這樣的例句:
I was born in Chengdu. I studied Mathematics. I wanted to study abroad.
這三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句一字兒排開(kāi)帆调,橫亙?cè)谧x者眼前,不僅簡(jiǎn)單乏味兒豆同,而且作者的思維也會(huì)讓人感到?jīng)]有完全的成熟(雖然事實(shí)并非如此)番刊。如果能把這三個(gè)句子稍微合并一下,則景象立刻就迥然不同了:
I was born in Chengdu.As I studied Mathematics, I wished to continue studying it abroad影锈。
由上述的例句可見(jiàn)芹务,略微微調(diào)(fine-tune)一下句子結(jié)構(gòu),不僅可以改善文章的可讀性鸭廷,還可以改善文字的連貫性枣抱,主要原因是后面句子里面的代詞it與它前面所代指的對(duì)象產(chǎn)生了前后呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系。
就雅思真題的范文而言辆床,學(xué)生需要熟練掌握以下一些常見(jiàn)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)佳晶。
第一:簡(jiǎn)單句,不妨稱(chēng)之為說(shuō)話寫(xiě)作的最基本步法讼载。
簡(jiǎn)單句一般是由主語(yǔ)加謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轿秧,或者系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)成分組成。其中咨堤,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞部分可以包括及物動(dòng)詞(transitive verb)和不及物動(dòng)詞(intransitive verb)菇篡。一般而言謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要加帶賓語(yǔ),而不及物動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立使用即可吱型,在需要加帶賓語(yǔ)的情況下則需要和介詞連用逸贾。以下是一些雅思真題范文中出現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)例句。
1.So overall, attending school from a young age is good for most children. ( Is系表結(jié)構(gòu)做判斷或者陳述津滞。)
2.They make friends and learn how to get on with other children of a similar age. (及物動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句铝侵。)
3.It is difficult to give any definition. (先行詞it指代to不定式的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。)
4.Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills. (及物動(dòng)詞搭配雙賓語(yǔ)触徐。)
5.In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing. (decreasing為不及物動(dòng)詞咪鲜。)
6.Any child can be taught particular skills. (被動(dòng)式簡(jiǎn)單句,可以視為系表結(jié)構(gòu)撞鹉,被動(dòng)式句子使用需有節(jié)制疟丙,過(guò)多的被動(dòng)式結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)使寫(xiě)作冗長(zhǎng),缺乏活力鸟雏。)
第二:僅僅使用簡(jiǎn)單句只會(huì)使寫(xiě)作變得非常單調(diào)乏味享郊,因此我們還需要使用下面這種常見(jiàn)的句式,既并列結(jié)構(gòu)(簡(jiǎn)單句也使用這種結(jié)構(gòu))或者并列句(compound sentences)孝鹊。
1.Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. (and連接的并列成分炊琉。)
2.In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such asmusic, art or sport, then some natural talent is required. (But引導(dǎo)的并列分句。)
3.Without the natural talent,continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent. (使用neither, nor; both, and等并列連詞,同時(shí)也是用and連接句子苔咪,在正式文體中锰悼,需保持neither, nor;both, and等連接的成分對(duì)等团赏。)
第三:復(fù)雜句箕般,既句子除了主句以外,還帶有分句成分如because, while, though, that名詞性從句等,以及定語(yǔ)從句等修飾成分舔清。復(fù)雜句在文學(xué)寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常和短句搭配使用丝里,用于烘托氣氛和產(chǎn)生節(jié)奏感,如美國(guó)散文家和小說(shuō)家?jiàn)W茨克(Ozick)在小說(shuō)The Messiahof Stockholm中就是用一個(gè)比較長(zhǎng)的復(fù)雜句很好地達(dá)到了上述目的:
At three in the afternoon---the hour when, all over the world, the literary stewpot boils over,when gossip in the book reviewing departments of newspapers is most untamed and swarming, and when the autumn sky over Stockholm begins to draw down a translucent dusk (an eggshell shielding a blue-black yolk) across the spired and watery town---at this lachrymose yet exalted hour, Las Andemening could be found in bed, napping.
在小說(shuō)的開(kāi)頭鸠踪,奧茨克一口氣寫(xiě)出了這個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)70多個(gè)詞的復(fù)雜句丙者。從修辭的角度而言,這個(gè)句子也是個(gè)所謂的圓周句(periodic sentence),通過(guò)延遲主句內(nèi)容的出現(xiàn)時(shí)間营密,奧茨克很好地突出了主人公與自己所處環(huán)境的格格不入械媒。
在非文學(xué)寫(xiě)作的場(chǎng)合,復(fù)雜句可以用于闡釋相對(duì)復(fù)雜的思想评汰,或者補(bǔ)充更多的細(xì)節(jié):
1.However, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players.(復(fù)雜句纷捞,系表成分是what分句,person后帶有修飾人的定語(yǔ)從句who被去,those后帶有修飾分句whose主儡。)
2.The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art of music. (帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)分句when的從屬結(jié)構(gòu)。)
第四:復(fù)雜并列句惨缆,這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜糜值。
It is something that an individual goes on learning throughout life and it is the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the younger generation to become active and able members of that society. (用并列連詞and連接在一起的復(fù)雜句。)
以上是雅思范文中常出現(xiàn)的一些句子結(jié)構(gòu)坯墨,考生如果熟練掌握上述各種句型寂汇,就能寫(xiě)出富于變化而又自然的句子。下面是一些考生要盡量避免的句子結(jié)構(gòu)捣染。
第一:殘句骄瓣。
殘句是指語(yǔ)法成分不完全的句子,一般是指無(wú)動(dòng)詞成分的句子耍攘,或句子成分不全的句子榕栏。類(lèi)似的句子在散文和小說(shuō)中并非不常見(jiàn),但在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作的場(chǎng)合并不適用蕾各,故而考生需要避免寫(xiě)出這樣的句子扒磁。比如美國(guó)散文家Richard Selzer寫(xiě)的一本散文集The Exact Location of the Soul里面有這樣的句子,To the mirror. Oh, God. The comb trembles! A pass, tentative, light,from occiput forward.作者為了烘托出一個(gè)人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己禿頂后惶恐不安的心情式曲,出于幽默的目的故意選用了一些殘句渗磅。當(dāng)然,在雅思初級(jí)學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中检访,這些句子都是不合法的(illegitimate)始鱼,需要予以更正。
第二:連寫(xiě)句脆贵。這種句子一般寫(xiě)作書(shū)上也認(rèn)為是一種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的誤用医清,既兩個(gè)主句不是通過(guò)并列連詞而是用逗號(hào)進(jìn)行連接。比如這句: The council approved the resolution, the mayor vetoed it the next day.應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō)卖氨,連寫(xiě)句在一些著名作家的寫(xiě)作中都時(shí)有出現(xiàn)会烙,但是不符合正式文體的雅思學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作,因此也不應(yīng)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)在考生的寫(xiě)作答案中筒捺。
雅思語(yǔ)法多樣性因時(shí)間的關(guān)系柏腻,暫略。
雅思用詞的要求系吭,包括多樣性五嫂,準(zhǔn)確性,拼寫(xiě)肯尺,搭配沃缘,詞性辨析等等暫略。