1. Drape sth across/on/over, etc. sth

? ?? to put something such as cloth or a piece of clothing loosely over something

? ? ? ? ? ? ? He draped his jacket over the back of the chair and sat down to eat.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? She draped the scarf loosely around her shoulders.

thesaurus?

? ? ? ? ?? Hanging and suspending

? ? ? ? ? Covering and adding layers

2.Debase

? ? ? to reduce the quality or value of something

? ? ? ? ? ? ? Some argue that money has debased football.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? Our world view has become debased. We no longer have a sense of the sacred.

thesaurus?

? ? ? ? ? ? Deteriorating and making worse

3.Summon

? ? ? ?? If you summon someone, you order them to come to you. [V n] [be V-ed prep/adv] [be V-ed to-inf] [Formal]

? ? ? ? ? Howe summoned a doctor and hurried over.

4.Camouflage

? ? ? ? ? only singular or uncountable something that is meant to hide something, or behaviour that is intended to hide the truth

? ? ? ? ?? ? Using smoke as (a) camouflage, the army advanced up the hill.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? He believed that her kindness was merely a camouflage for her real聽intentions.

5.Arsenal

? ? ? ? ? ? a collection of weapons

? ? ? ? ? ?? ?The country has agreed to reduce its nuclear arsenal.

6.Drive the nail釘釘子

? ? ? ? ? ? ?? Extending the metaphor of carpentry,it’s first necessary to be able to saw wood neatly and to drive nails.

7. put on airs擺架子

? ? ? ? ? ? ?? pretend to be very grand

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?She puts on airs all the time to try to impress new acquaintances

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?I'm tired of those who put on airs

8.Go out on a limb冒風險

? ? ? ? ? ? ?? Americans are unwilling to go out on a limb.

summary

In Chapter3, Zinsser illustrates clutter by defining and quoting various examples in daily life, business and politics. To recognize clutter at first sight, he suggests writers can put brackets in their mind and delete unnecessary components when reexamining.

Chapter 4 firstly illustrates the importance of eliminating writing by analogy with building a house: if the verbs and sentences are weak, the house of writing will collapse. With a sturdy base, the writer should find the style of his own by doing two things, relaxing and having confidence. In order to put writers themselves out of anxieties and stiffness, they can try to write in the first person or convey their identity in their writings.

不光是寫作者需要警醒垂谢，從自身來講厦画，在完成任務(wù)時，我也總會信心膨脹地幻想成功之后的情景滥朱。的確根暑，從某種意義上，會對任務(wù)的完成有一定激勵作用焚虱，但也會無形中加大自己的壓力（awesome responsibility）如果失敗购裙，失落感也會加深，希望以后還是能夠以平常心面對未知鹃栽，比如：未來如果被愛丁堡拒絕的話也不要太難過躏率。（最后一句玩笑話。民鼓。）