Chapter 20. I/O Redirection
Table of Contents
20.1. Using exec
20.2. Redirecting Code Blocks
20.3. Applications
There are always three default files [1] open, stdin (the keyboard), stdout (the screen), and stderr (error messages output to the screen). These, and any other open files, can be redirected. Redirection simply means capturing output from a file, command, program, script, or even code block within a script (see Example 3-1 and Example 3-2) and sending it as input to another file, command, program, or script.
Each open file gets assigned a file descriptor. [2] The file descriptors for stdin, stdout, and stderr are 0, 1, and 2, respectively. For opening additional files, there remain descriptors 3 to 9. It is sometimes useful to assign one of these additional file descriptors to stdin, stdout, or stderr as a temporary duplicate link. [3] This simplifies restoration to normal after complex redirection and reshuffling (see Example 20-1).
COMMAND_OUTPUT >
# Redirect stdout to a file.
# Creates the file if not present, otherwise overwrites it.
ls -lR > dir-tree.list
# Creates a file containing a listing of the directory tree.
: > filename
# The > truncates file "filename" to zero length.
# If file not present, creates zero-length file (same effect as 'touch').
# The : serves as a dummy placeholder, producing no output.
filename
# The > truncates file "filename" to zero length.
# If file not present, creates zero-length file (same effect as 'touch').
# (Same result as ": >", above, but this does not work with some shells.)
COMMAND_OUTPUT >>
# Redirect stdout to a file.
# Creates the file if not present, otherwise appends to it.
# Single-line redirection commands (affect only the line they are on):
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
1>filename
# Redirect stdout to file "filename."
1>>filename
# Redirect and append stdout to file "filename."
2>filename
# Redirect stderr to file "filename."
2>>filename
# Redirect and append stderr to file "filename."
&>filename
# Redirect both stdout and stderr to file "filename."
# This operator is now functional, as of Bash 4, final release.
M>N
# "M" is a file descriptor, which defaults to 1, if not explicitly set.
# "N" is a filename.
# File descriptor "M" is redirect to file "N."
M>&N
# "M" is a file descriptor, which defaults to 1, if not set.
# "N" is another file descriptor.
#==============================================================================
# Redirecting stdout, one line at a time.
LOGFILE=script.log
echo "This statement is sent to the log file, \"$LOGFILE\"." 1>$LOGFILE
echo "This statement is appended to \"$LOGFILE\"." 1>>$LOGFILE
echo "This statement is also appended to \"$LOGFILE\"." 1>>$LOGFILE
echo "This statement is echoed to stdout, and will not appear in \"$LOGFILE\"."
# These redirection commands automatically "reset" after each line.
# Redirecting stderr, one line at a time.
ERRORFILE=script.errors
bad_command1 2>$ERRORFILE # Error message sent to $ERRORFILE.
bad_command2 2>>$ERRORFILE # Error message appended to $ERRORFILE.
bad_command3 # Error message echoed to stderr,
#+ and does not appear in $ERRORFILE.
# These redirection commands also automatically "reset" after each line.
#=======================================================================
2>&1
# Redirects stderr to stdout.
# Error messages get sent to same place as standard output.
>>filename 2>&1
bad_command >>filename 2>&1
# Appends both stdout and stderr to the file "filename" ...
2>&1 | [command(s)]
bad_command 2>&1 | awk '{print $5}' # found
# Sends stderr through a pipe.
# |& was added to Bash 4 as an abbreviation for 2>&1 |.
i>&j
# Redirects file descriptor i to j.
# All output of file pointed to by i gets sent to file pointed to by j.
&j
# Redirects, by default, file descriptor 1 (stdout) to j.
# All stdout gets sent to file pointed to by j.
0< FILENAME
< FILENAME
# Accept input from a file.
# Companion command to ">", and often used in combination with it.
#
# grep search-word <filename
[j]<>filename
# Open file "filename" for reading and writing,
#+ and assign file descriptor "j" to it.
# If "filename" does not exist, create it.
# If file descriptor "j" is not specified, default to fd 0, stdin.
#
# An application of this is writing at a specified place in a file.
echo 1234567890 > File # Write string to "File".
exec 3<> File # Open "File" and assign fd 3 to it.
read -n 4 <&3 # Read only 4 characters.
echo -n . >&3 # Write a decimal point there.
exec 3>&- # Close fd 3.
cat File # ==> 1234.67890
# Random access, by golly.
|
# Pipe.
# General purpose process and command chaining tool.
# Similar to ">", but more general in effect.
# Useful for chaining commands, scripts, files, and programs together.
cat *.txt | sort | uniq > result-file
# Sorts the output of all the .txt files and deletes duplicate lines,
# finally saves results to "result-file".
Multiple instances of input and output redirection and/or pipes can be combined in a single command line.
command < input-file > output-file
Or the equivalent:
< input-file command > output-file # Although this is non-standard.
command1 | command2 | command3 > output-file
See Example 16-31 and Example A-14.
Multiple output streams may be redirected to one file.
ls -yz >> command.log 2>&1
Capture result of illegal options "yz" in file "command.log."
Because stderr is redirected to the file,
+ any error messages will also be there.
Note, however, that the following does not give the same result.
ls -yz 2>&1 >> command.log
Outputs an error message, but does not write to file.
More precisely, the command output (in this case, null)
+ writes to the file, but the error message goes only to stdout.
If redirecting both stdout and stderr,
+ the order of the commands makes a difference.
Closing File Descriptors
n<&-
Close input file descriptor n.
0<&-, <&-
Close stdin.
n>&-
Close output file descriptor n.
1>&-, >&-
Close stdout.
Child processes inherit open file descriptors. This is why pipes work. To prevent an fd from being inherited, close it.
Redirecting only stderr to a pipe.
exec 3>&1 # Save current "value" of stdout.
ls -l 2>&1 >&3 3>&- | grep bad 3>&- # Close fd 3 for 'grep' (but not 'ls').
^^^^ ^^^^
exec 3>&- # Now close it for the remainder of the script.
