介詞 (prep.)

• 介詞屬于虛詞丙挽，不能單獨(dú)做句子成分肺孵，只有轉(zhuǎn)化成介詞短語(yǔ)(介詞+賓語(yǔ))才能扮演表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)颜阐、狀語(yǔ)等角色平窘。
• 介詞同樣沒(méi)有情景變形，所以從介詞短語(yǔ)功能和常用介詞成員兩個(gè)維度展開(kāi)

1. 介詞成員分類：
   • 表關(guān)系
     • 表所有關(guān)系 ：of
     • 表包含關(guān)系：包括(inclusive of,including）除...外,還有（apart from,besides,in addition to）
     • 表排除關(guān)系：除了凳怨，不包括（but,other than,exclusive of）瑰艘；除....外 （except,except for,apart from）
     • 表替代關(guān)系：in place of,instead of
     • 關(guān)于...：about,as for,as to,on,concerning,with regard to,regarding
   • 表目的
     • 以...為目標(biāo)：with the aim of 如：with the aim of taking it back,we should hurry
     • 以防：in case of 如：all exits must be kept clear in case of fire
   • 表原因
     • 因?yàn)椋篵ecause of 如：The game was postponed because of rain
     • 因?yàn)椋篸ue to 如：The train had stopped due to a mechanical problem
     • 因?yàn)椋簅wing to 如：He was out of work owing to a physical injury
     • 多虧：thanks to 如：Thanks to that job I became an avid reader
     • 由于：by virtue of 如：The article stuck in my mind by virtue of on detail
   • 表?xiàng)l件
     • 萬(wàn)一：in case of 如：In case of difficultly,just call on me
     • 如果有:with 如：With your help,we can do it
     • 如果沒(méi)有：without 如：Without your help,we can't do it
     • 要不是：but for 如：But for your help,we can't do it
   • 表方式
     • A with B：B是A的附屬
     • 根據(jù)：according to=according with
     • 憑借：by;by means of 如：The drawing is transferred onto the wood by means of carbon paper
     • 用這個(gè)方法： in this way
     • 按照：in terms of ;in the light of,in accordance with 如：It can not be measured in terms of money
     • 憑借...工具 如：by bus;in a car;on foot
   • 表讓步
     • 盡管...;不管...;無(wú)論... ；in spite of ,irrespective of ,notwithstanding,regardless of
   • 表程度
     • 大約：about 如：about half an hour
     • 過(guò)量：to excess 如：don't drink to excess
     • 到...程度：to the extent of 如：the debt to the extent of 1000 dollars
     • 極度：to the extreme 如：poor to the extreme
   • 時(shí)間介詞
     • 某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)
       • 某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)前：before,by,by the end of ,till,until,to ,prior to 如：by the end of 2020
       • 某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)中:at 如：at noon
       • 某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)后：after,since,from 如：since 2020
     • 某個(gè)時(shí)間段
       • 某個(gè)時(shí)間段前：age
       • 某個(gè)時(shí)間段中:among,between,during,for,in,within,from...to... 如：within two days
       • 某個(gè)時(shí)間段后:in 如：in two weeks
   • 空間介詞
     • 從'真實(shí)空間'與'虛擬空間','靜態(tài)空間關(guān)系'肤舞，'動(dòng)態(tài)空間關(guān)系'（介詞中有動(dòng)作成分）四個(gè)維度歸納：
       • 虛擬空間
         • 在...方面：in this aspect,in this respect,in this regard ,in terms of 如：in this regard nothing has changed
         • 在這個(gè)角度：at this angle
         • 從這個(gè)角度：from this angle
         • 從你的立場(chǎng)：in your shoes
       • 靜態(tài)空間關(guān)系：
         • 在...上 ：on(接觸) over(不接觸) above(不接觸)
         • 在...上部: at the top of
         • 在...下：beneath(接觸) under(不接觸靜止) below(不接觸不靜止)
         • 在...下部：at the bottom of
         • 在...里：in inside at the center of
         • 在...外：outside of,outside
         • 在...左：in the left of (里) on the left of (接觸) to the left of (不接觸)
         • 在...右：同上
         • 在...前：before紫新，in front of (前方) in the front of (前部)
         • 在...后：behind(后方) at the back of (后部)
         • 在...旁邊：next to by/beside
         • 在...附近:near/close to
         • 在....方向：in the east of (內(nèi)部東面) on the east of (外部東面，接觸) to the east of (不接觸)
         • 在兩者或三者以上之間：between from to among
         • 在...周圍：around
         • 在...對(duì)面：opposite
       • 動(dòng)態(tài)空間關(guān)系
         • 到...上：onto upon
         • 從...上越過(guò)：over
         • 離開(kāi)：off
         • 到...里面：into
         • 到...外面: out of
         • 經(jīng)過(guò)...：past
         • 超出：beyond
         • 沿著：along
         • 通過(guò)李剖，穿過(guò)：through
         • 到...對(duì)面：across
         • 順著：for
         • 逆著：against
         • 朝向：toward,towards
2. 介詞短語(yǔ)功能：
   • 狀語(yǔ)：I put a book on the table
   • 表語(yǔ)：This book is on the table
   • 后置定語(yǔ)：a book on the table